Cheese is a food derived from the milk protein casein by coagulating the milk. Fats and proteins are the main ingredients for cheese. The texture and the flavor of the cheese depend on the age of the cheese and source of the milk. Cheese is a good source of calcium, protein, sodium, phosphorus, and other nutrients.

关键词：奶酪；脂肪；蛋白质；钙；蛋白；钠；磷

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Organic food and beverages are products that are produced using processes and techniques associated with organic farming. As the name suggests, organic farming entails the use of procedures and raw materials that are natural and biological in their entirety. Even though organic farming may sound like a method that has been recently been put to use, due to the growing awareness of society toward health-related issues, it is actually the most conventional form of farming. In fact, the use of chemicals and fertilizers in farming has only taken a front seat as recently as the 20th century.

关键词：有机食品和饮料；有机农业；程序和原料；天然；耕作肥料

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Animal feed is used to provide nutrition to livestock such as poultry, swine, cattle, horses, and sheep. It includes feed cereals, cakes and meals, co-products from the food sector, minerals, additives, vitamins, oil and fats, and supplements such as silage of legumes, grass, and hay or harvested crops. Animal feed has high fiber content, vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional benefits. Animal feed plays an important role in ensuring safe, affordable, and abundant animal protein.

关键词：动物饲料；提供营养家畜；饲料谷物；糕点；膳食；安全；实惠；丰富

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The history of phytosterols dates back to the 1950s when the first known pharmaceutical preparation of phytosterols, Cytellin, was introduced in the US market. After their introduction, the adoption of phytosterols started in the 1990s. Phytosterols are widely available in a number of natural sources such as fruits, vegetables, and nuts. To complement these natural sources, phytosterols are being increasingly incorporated into the human diet through fortified functional foods and dietary supplements. Furthermore, phytosterols are also being used in the manufacture of face creams and lipsticks. Phytosterols are known to block the cholesterol absorption in the small intestine and thereby aid in the reduction of LDL cholesterol or bad cholesterol. There is also substantial evidence, as suggested by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to justify the same. Phytosterols are also known to help in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Various health regulatory bodies prescribe different dosage rates of phytosterols, but a minimum intake of two grams of phytosterols daily is recommended in order to experience the health benefits offered by these compounds.

关键词：植物甾醇；甾类化合物；人类饮食；强化；功能食品；膳食补充剂

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对一株柱状假丝酵母菌的产酶条件进行了优化。确定最佳培养基配方为橄榄油6 g /L、酵母膏9 g /L、吐温－ 80 1%、CaCl2 0. 5 g /L、K2HPO4 2 g /L、MgSO4·7H2O 2 g /L、pH 自然; 确定最优发酵条件为培养基初始pH 5. 2、培养时间25 h、摇床转速150 r /min。在最适产酶条件下，重复发酵5 批后柱状假丝酵母所产脂肪酶平均酶活在( 15. 00 ± 0. 05) U/mL，ＲSD 为2. 34%，重复性较好。该株酵母菌生存环境为酸性，并在pH 为5. 2 时产酶效果最好，推导该脂肪酶为酸性脂肪酶，对油脂水解产生的游离脂肪酸将会有一定程度的抵抗作用。此外，柱状假丝酵母培养25 h 后即可获得最佳产酶效果，发酵周期短，既能节约成本，又能提高单位时间产酶量，适用于工业化生产。

关键词：柱状假丝酵母；酸性脂肪酶；生长；产酶

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以环肽标准样品定性，采用外标法定量，建立了HPLC 测定亚麻籽油中环肽A、环肽C、环肽D和环肽E 的方法。采用固相萃取法提取亚麻籽油中的环肽，用Diamonsil C18 色谱柱，以乙腈和水为流动相梯度洗脱，柱温35℃，二极管阵列检测器在波长214 nm 处进行检测，30 min 内完成对4种环肽的分离检测。结果表明: 该方法的线性范围为10 ～ 160 μg /mL，相关系数大于等于0． 999 5;环肽A、环肽C、环肽D、环肽E 的平均加标回收率分别为94． 62%、92． 25%、84． 07%和100． 14%。用该方法测定不同工艺制取的亚麻籽油中环肽的含量，发现未经过精炼的亚麻籽油中环肽含量高于市售亚麻籽油的，其中，冷榨工艺比热榨工艺更能保留亚麻籽油中的环肽。

关键词：亚麻籽油；环肽；含量；HPLC；外标法

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为了满足市场对人工合成甘三酯的需求，研究以油酸和甘油为原料，在Novozym 435 的催化作用下合成甘三酯，得到其最佳工艺条件为: 反应温度100℃，底物甘油与油酸摩尔比1∶ 3，加酶量4%( 以底物甘油和油酸总质量计) ，反应时间6 h，残压0． 9 × 103 Pa。在最佳工艺条件下，酯化度为94． 36% ± 0． 47%，产物中甘三酯含量为90． 77% ± 0． 85%。在最佳工艺条件下，酶重复使用9 次，其催化活性无显著下降，酯化度、甘三酯含量分别为94． 19% ± 1． 70%、87． 40% ± 2． 62%; 酶重复使用12 次后，甘三酯含量仍能达到80%以上。经试验证实，该反应亦可推广应用于高酸值油脂的脱酸工艺中。

关键词：酯化；甘三酯；Novozym 435

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为了提高膨化花生粉的抗氧化性，通过单因素试验，确定了提高膨化花生粉抗氧化性最为有效的抗氧化剂种类，利用OXITEST 油脂氧化仪以抗氧化时间为响应值，采用响应面分析法优化抗氧化剂的配比。结果表明: TBHQ 与PG 的组合可显著增强膨化花生粉的抗氧化性，加入增效剂柠檬酸后，其效果更为明显; 当TBHQ 添加量为0． 013% ( 以样品所含油脂计，下同) ，PG 添加量为0． 001%，柠檬酸添加量为0． 007%时，膨化花生粉抗氧化性最好，抗氧化时间为44． 79 h。

关键词：膨化花生粉；抗氧化性；响应面法

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对酶法水解花生蛋白制备高水解度短肽的工艺进行研究。选用碱性蛋白酶、菠萝蛋白酶分别对单酶水解工艺、复合酶水解工艺及前处理条件进行考察。研究发现: 单酶水解优化工艺虽可达到较高水解度( 27． 85%、23． 40%) ，但水解时间长( 386． 25、382． 68 min) 、底物质量浓度低( 1． 09、1． 07 g /100 mL) ; 所考察的前处理技术中除亚硫酸钠前处理外，热处理、超声处理条件对水解度无显著影响。研究得到理想的酶法水解条件为: 以花生蛋白( 质量浓度为5 g /100 mL) 为原料，先用亚硫酸钠( 质量浓度为0． 07 g /100 mL) 进行前处理; 随后进行复合酶酶法水解，调整料液体系至pH 8． 0、温度50℃，按加酶量为7 429． 79 U/g 加入碱性蛋白酶，水解120 min，随后将料液体系调至pH 6． 8、温度45℃，按加酶量为7 642． 50 U/g 加入菠萝蛋白酶，水解120 min，测得蛋白质水解度为( 33． 21 ± 0． 70) %。通过对原发性高血压大鼠的作用试验表明，灌胃剂量在1 000 ～ 1 500 mg /kg( 按体重计) 时，给药4 h 后，大鼠收缩压显著降低，降压效果可持续8 h，表明酶法水解产物( 花生短肽) 有明显的降血压效果。

关键词：酶法水解；短肽；降血压；花生蛋白；动物试验；原发性高血压大鼠

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采用尿素包合法富集不饱和脂肪酸甲酯，借助氯化胆碱将尿素－ 饱和脂肪酸甲酯包合物中的尿素脱除，同时形成低共熔溶剂作为联产产品。新工艺不需要水，生产成本低，绿色环保。在碘值( I) 为96 g /100 g、质量为30 g 的混合脂肪酸甲酯中，添加尿素20 g、甲醇150 mL，在包合时间3 h、包合温度70℃的条件下，可将脂肪酸甲酯的碘值( I) 提高到152 g /100 g。考察了氯化胆碱加量、解包合温度、解包合时间对低共熔溶剂产量和特性的影响。结果表明，解包合温度40℃和解包合时间30 min 时，氯化胆碱与包合物中尿素形成的低共熔溶剂与采用分析纯试剂直接合成的低共熔溶剂的性质非常接近。

关键词：尿素包合；不饱和脂肪酸甲酯；低共熔溶剂；解包合方法

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