Increasing penetration of heat pump water heaters (HPWHs) in the residential sector will offer an important opportunity for energy savings, with a theoretical energy savings of up to 63per water heater1 and up to 11of residential energy use (EIA 2009). However, significant barriers must be overcome before this technology will reach widespread adoption in the Pacific Northwest region and nationwide. One barrier is that the demand response (DR) performance and characteristics of HPWHs is unknown. Previous research has demonstrated the potential of electric resistance water heaters (ERWHs) to provide significant grid stability and control benefits through demand-side management, or DR, strategies (Diao et al. 2012). However, if ERWHs are to be replaced with HPWHs to improve residential energy efficiency, it is important to understand the DR characteristics of HPWHs and how these characteristics will impact DR programs and overall grid stability now and in the future. This project evaluates and documents the DR performance of an HPWH as compared to an ERWH for two primary types of DR events: peak curtailments and balancing reserves. The experiments were conducted with General Electric (GE) second-generation Brillion-enabled GeoSpring hybrid water heaters in the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) Lab Homes2, with one GE GeoSpring water heater operating in Standard electric resistance mode to represent the baseline and one GE GeoSpring water heater operating in Heat Pump mode to provide the comparison to heat pump-only DR. Signals were sent simultaneously to the two water heaters in the side-by-side PNNL Lab Homes under highly controlled, simulated occupancy conditions. It is expected that Hybrid DR performance, which would engage both the heat pump and electric elements, could be interpolated from these two experimental extremes.

关键词：热泵热水器;能源效率节约能源；混合动力系统

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The corrosion failure analysis of an SA210 steel used in high pressure evaporator tube is conducted by XRD,SEM,OM.The result shows that the corrosion products in the inner wall of the steel tube is Fe3O4,mainly caused by the residual water in the evaporator tube corroding its inner wall with oxygen after the hydrostatic test of the boiler,finally leading to the corrosion leak of the tube.

关键词：钢铁；SA210钢管；高压蒸发器；气热回收锅炉；氧腐蚀

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In 2007, An Ultra High Injection Pressure (UHIP) fueling method has been demonstrated by Caterpillar Fuel Systems - Product Development, demonstrating ability to deliver U.S. Environment Protection Agency (EPA) Tier 4 Final diesel engine emission performance with greatly reduced emissions handling components on the engine, such as without NOx reduction after-treatment and with only a through-flow 50effective diesel particulate trap (DPT).This project resulted in two developments in 2011. The first development was a process and a machine specification by which a high target of compressive residual stress (CRS) can be consistently imparted to key surfaces of the fuel system to increase the toughness of the steel, and a demonstration of the feasibility of further refinement of the process for use in volume production.

关键词：钢铁；柴油引擎；燃油喷射；喷嘴；表面处理

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