关键词：燃料电池，碳中和，碳达峰，核证自愿减排量

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Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is important in fuel cells. Although platinum nanoparticles can catalyse the ORR in an efficient way, the high cost of the platinum catalysts, together with its limited reserves in nature, has been shown to be the major 'showstopper' to mass market fuel cells for commercial applications. Following our earlier work on metal-free, nitrogen- doped carbon nanotubes (Gong, K.; Du, F.; Xia, Z.; Durstock, M.; Dai, L. Science 2009, 323, 760) and nitrogen-doped graphene sheets (Qu, L.; Liu, Y.; Baek, J.-B.; Dai, L. ACS Nano 2010, 4, 1321) as highly efficient ORR, we have developed in this project new metal-free and oxygen-free graphene materials by either edge-functionalization or ball milling as efficient electrocatalysts for ORR in fuel cells and other applications, including dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).

关键词：催化剂；燃料电池；石墨烯；纳米技术

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The most vital components in polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells are PEM materials. In the case of Nafion (DuPont Co.), the most widely used PEMs, the proton conductivity markedly decreases at high temperature ( > 80 ℃) and low relative humidity (RH) ( < 30%). This drawback limits the use of Nafion in practical and commercial applications. Our research group is developing the Nafion-alternative PEMs by using a radiation-induced grafting method1'. In these PEMs, the graft chain structures should significantly affect the proton conduction properties. Then, in this study, by combination of radiation grafting and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), we designed the novel PEMs possessing both the hydrophobic and hydrophilic graft chains.

关键词：燃料电池；辐射诱导；电解质膜

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Numerical simulation capabilities to perform flowfield analysis and sensitivity analysis of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) have been developed. A three-dimensional, implicit, multi-species fuel cell solver is modified to analyze cell geometries supplied by NexTech Materials (NexTech). Four different NexTech cell configurations of varying complexities have been analyzed in this study. A capability to perform thermo-mechanical analysis of NexTech cells is developed by coupling the fuel cell code with the structures code. The capability was initially developed for a simplified cell that also included sensitivity analysis of thermo-mechanical variables. Sensitivity derivatives are computed using the direct differentiation method in the fuel cell and structures codes.

关键词：燃料电池；氧化物；平面结构

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Polyelectrolytes, which are a macromolecule dissolved in water or polar solvent, have gained a wide attention among scientists and engineers for their wide application areas. Their different properties have allowed them to be used in many areas such as soap, body lotions, electrochromic devices, solid-state reference electrode systems, fuel cell exchange membranes, water treatment, waste treatment, paper production, corrosion protection, fuel cells, electrodialysis, contact lenses, membrane-based separations, drug delivery, and genetic science. Biocompatible polyelectrolytes are also utilized in biosensors and biomolecular recognition systems. Layer-by-layer (LbL) technique can be used to produce polyelectrolyte multilayer. Severe substrate such as gold, quartz, silicon, glass, plastic, stainless steel can be used in LbL technique. LbL technique is reproducible, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly method. The characteristic properties of polyelectrolyte depend on the interaction between electrostatic forces. The degree of polymer charge can modify the electrostatic interactions. We examine the scaling theory according to Gennes et al. and Beurle and Nogovitsin in this chapter. After having discussed the scaling theory, we provide a basic introduction to properties of the neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering. In the end, we analyzed biopolymers and ionomers briefly. Polyelectrolytes (PEs) are generally denned as macromolecules, which when dissolved in water, dissociate to give highly charged polymeric molecules. As another definition, polyelectrolytes are polymers carrying either positively or negatively charged ionizable groups. These groups dissociate under appropriate conditions, and leaving ions on the chain and counter ions in the solution Examples of polyelectrolytes include polystyrene sulfonate, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids and their salts. DNA, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccha-rides and other poly acids are given example to the natural polyelectrolytes. Polyelectrolytes are well known to play a vital role in nature and technology. PEs finds widespread use as solubilizing agents, phase separation agents, and rheo-logical property modifiers in daily life and technological applications. However, despite of their fundamental and practice importance, PEs systems still remain only poorly understood. This relates to the fact that their chemistry and physics are influenced by many controlling parameters, such as molecular weight, salt concentration, pH of the solution, etc.

关键词：电池磁极；聚电解质；化学反应

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关键词：碱性阴离子交换膜；阴离子交换；燃料电池系统

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Electrolytes play a central role in performance and aging in most electrochemical systems. As automotive and grid applications place a higher reliance on electrochemical stored energy, it becomes more urgent to have electrolyte components that enable optimal battery performance while promoting battery safety and longevity. Safety remains a foremost concern for widespread utilization of Li-ion technology in electric-drive vehicles, especially as the focus turns to higher voltage systems (5V). This work capitalizes on the long established INL expertise regarding phosphazene chemistry, aimed at battery-viable compounds for electrolytes and electrodes that are highly tolerant to abusive conditions. This report showcases our 2013 work for the DOE applied battery research (ABR) program, wherein testing results are summarized for INL electrolytes and alternative anode materials.

关键词：衰老；阳极；电化学；电解质；储能

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The effect of dissolved gas on the reversibility of a Li/Li+ electrode in an ionic liquid electrolyte was investigated. Lithium metal is a potential anode in lithium batteries. The ionic liquid electrolyte was saturated with argon, nitrogen, oxygen, air.

关键词：锂电池；液体电解质；二次电池

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This research project sought to develop a prototype hydrogen-based fuel cell system for ITS devices. The project investigated hydrogen storage capacities of the various candidate chemical hydride analogs; selected the most efficient of the candidates for energy storage based on volume, mass, and cost; developed a prototype system; and estimated the capital and operating cost for such a system. A hydrogen fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, providing a clean, high-efficiency energy source that circumvents the problems associated with conventional batteries. A major drawback that limits its utility, however, is the use of heavy and bulky compressed metal cylinders as the source of hydrogen. The chemical-based hydrogen generation used in this project can provide a compact, atmospheric-pressure storage option for the controlled release of hydrogen. Many ITS-based applications can be envisaged with hydrogen-based fuel cells, such as alternating-traffic signs, directional signals, speed-limit signs, blinkers in series, warning blinkers, and backup power sources at traffic signals during power outages. This system is particularly attractive because many remote traffic signals on northern Minnesota roads lack access to a power grid, requiring the use of batteries that must be changed often, thus incurring maintenance costs.

关键词：电动电池；燃料电池；智能交通系统(ITS)

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A new randomly crosslinked polymer is investigated for use as an ion- exchange membrane. The polymer was produced through amination of chlorinated poly(propylene) (PP) with poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI) and quaternized with iodoethane. The synthesis of the new polymer is confirmed by FTIR 1H and 13C NMR. The microstructure of the polymer consists of aggregates on the order of 1 micrometer. Environmentally controlled small and wide angle X-ray analysis showed a relatively featureless amorphous morphology over length scales less than 105 nm through a full range of humidity environments. Little physical swelling of the films were observed, but very high internal water uptake was observed with lamba = 50. The highest in-plane ionic conductivity with chloride as the counter ion observed was 0.29 mS cm 1 at 90 deg C and 95% relative humidity. Infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the relatively rapid rate of counter-ion reaction of hydroxide with ambient CO2 to form a mixture of carbonate and bicarbonate when exposed to air.

关键词：离子交换；膜；聚合物；碳酸氢盐；氯化物

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