关键词：机械；催化；核电

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The aluminum nanoparticles (Al NPs) are demonstrated to serve as active photothermal media, to enhance and control local photothermal energy deposition via the photothermal effect activated by localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) and amplified by Al NPs oxidation. The activation source is a 2-AA-battery-powered xenon flash lamp. The extent of the photothermally activated movement of Al NPs can be approx. 6 mm. Ignition delay can be approx. 0.1 ms. Both scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements of motion-only and after-ignition products confirm significant Al oxidation occurs through sintering and bursting after the flash exposure. Simulations suggest local heat generation is enhanced by LSPR. The positive- feedback effects from the local heat generation amplified by Al oxidation produce a large increase in local temperature and pressure, which enhances movement and accelerates ignition.

关键词：电池能源；光热光谱分析；等离子体

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A Forward Operating Base (FOB) is designed to support combat operations in an austere environment, which often lacks pre-existing infrastructure. On-site diesel generators are the primary source of FOB electricity. Traditionally, each generator is connected to its own set of loads and operates independently from other generators. The benefits of transitioning from traditional generator employment to an alternative architecture using an Energy Management System (EMS) were investigated in this thesis. The EMS provides an interface between power sources, loads, and energy storage elements to form a microgrid. Using power electronics and programmable logic, the EMS provides capabilities such as power source selection, power metering, flow control, and peak power management. These capabilities enable more efficient generator utilization by matching real-time load demand to the smallest capable power source, reducing overall fuel consumption. The EMS offers redundancy as it can connect any one of multiple power sources to critical loads. A hardware- based laboratory experiment demonstrated the ability to transition from one power source to another while providing uninterrupted current to the load. The results of the experiment validate a Simulink model of the EMS. An example load profile was applied to the model to compare overall fuel consumption between the traditional architecture and the EMS-enabled microgrid.

关键词：柴油燃料；发电机；能源管理

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A pre-irradiation grafting method is a fascinating technique for direct introduction of new functional graft polymers (grafts) into polymer substrates without any damages. The radiation technique has been widely applied to the preparation of high performance fuel cell polymer electrolyte membranes (PEMs) for mobile electricities, vehicles, and domestic co-generation systems. The PEMs of aromatic hydrocarbon polymers, so-called "super engineering plastics" including poly (ether ether ketone) (PEEK), have useful characteristics such as high mechanical strength, gas barrier property, and radiation resistance. Thus, in this work, we investigated the humidity dependence of proton conductivity and mechanical strength at 80 ℃ and relative humidity (RH) from 30 to 95%, which are the most important characteristics for power generation efficiency and durability under real operating conditions in fuel cell systems.

关键词：燃料电池；电解质材料；聚合物

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The work during this period brought our efforts to realize a 64-kbit hybrid Josephson-CMOS memory for 4K operation to a successful conclusion. The memory inputs and outputs are at the several-millivolt level. The inputs are first amplified to 60 mV using Suzuki stacks; these signals drive CMOS comparators, the outputs of which are at volt level, as required by the commercially manufactured 65 nm CMOS memory array. Final designs were fabricated and tested. The access time is less than 400 ps and the read power dissipation is less than 10 mW. A side project was performed to evaluate the concept for a novel wholly Josephson memory proposed by a Japanese memory expert. We found that the proposed memory cell has inadequate design margins. We realized the other goal of the project, which was to analyze the factors limiting Josephson memories. Presentations for the Applied Superconductivity Conference (ASC) in October 2012 were prepared and presented. Publications resulted. We also brought together an international group of 30 cryogenic memory researchers in a post-ASC workshop at UC Berkeley for more discussions. And presentations were made at the Superconductive Electronics Conference (ISEC) in July 2013.

关键词：电路；互补型金属氧化物半导体；低温

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Petroleum-based liquid hydrocarbons is exclusively major energy source in the transportation sector. Thus, it is the major CO(sub 2) source which is the associated with greenhouse effect. In the United States alone, petroleum consumption in the transportation sector approaches 13.8 million barrels per day (Mbbl/d). It is corresponding to a release of 0.53 gigatons of carbon per year (GtC/yr), which accounts for approximate 7.6 % of the current global release of CO(sub 2) from all of the fossil fuel usage (7 GtC/yr). For the long term, the conventional petroleum production is predicted to peak in as little as the next 10 years to as high as the next 50 years. Negative environmental consequences, the frequently roaring petroleum prices, increasing petroleum utilization and concerns about competitive supplies of petroleum have driven dramatic interest in producing alternative transportation fuels, such as electricity-based, hydrogen-based and bio-based transportation alternative fuels. Use of either of electricity-based or hydrogen-based alternative energy in the transportation sector is currently laden with technical and economical challenges. The current energy density of commercial batteries is 175 Wh/kg of battery. At a storage pressure of 680 atm, the lower heating value (LHV) of H(sub 2) is 1.32 kWh/liter.

关键词：电池；温室效应；碳氢化合物；可再生能源

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In this report, we present results of an ongoing study aimed at measuring and optimizing the nonradiative lifetime and the internal radiative quantum efficiency of molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)-grown gallium arsenide (GaAs) solar cells that are grown at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) using different substrate growth temperatures and arsenic (As)/gallium (Ga) flux ratios to determine the growth parameters that maximize the bulk GaAs minority carrier nonradiative lifetime. We report a significant increase in the nonradiative lifetime and the internal radiative quantum efficiency of MBE- grown GaAs/aluminum gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) double heterostructure (DH) structures grown at ARL with a growth temperature of 595 C and an As/Ga flux ratio = 15. Our results show that the nonradiative lifetime and internal radiative quantum efficiency of the DH structures grown using these parameters are comparable to those of the highest quality reported MBE-grown GaAs.

关键词：铝镓砷化物；外延生长；量子效率；太阳能电池

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NASA's rigorous certification process is being followed for the R2 high voltage battery program for use of R2 on International Space Station (ISS). Rigorous development testing at appropriate levels to credible off-nominal conditions and review of test data led to design improvements for safety at the virtual cell, cartridge and battery levels. Tests were carried out at all levels to confirm that both hardware and software controls work. Stringent flight acceptance testing of the flight battery will be completed before launch for mission use on ISS.

关键词：电动工具；氢气燃料电池；寿命周期成本

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The use of solar energy for mobile field operations, high altitude long endurance airships, light airship vehicles and its deployment on large scales all require its storage. Most current methods of solar storage are characterized by low energy densities; these methods therefore present formidable challenges for the implementation of solar energy in the field, on airship vehicles and on the large scale since significant weight accompanies energy storage. Conversely, fuels have energy densities that are 100 to 1000 greater than most conventional storage media, including batteries. Accordingly, fuels provide an attractive option for lightweight, mobile and large scale energy storage. An especially enticing fuel forming reaction is water splitting since hydrogen is the highest energy density chemical fuel. The use of solar light to split water to produce hydrogen and oxygen is the focus of this proposal. This AFOSR program has sought to discover new water-splitting catalysts that are inexpensive, efficient, highly manufacturable and operate under benign conditions so that discovery from this program may be implemented with simple engineering.

关键词：燃料电池；能量密度；能量存储

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The objective of the study was to assess the impact of a Saflex S Series solar control PVB (polyvinyl butyral) windshield on conventional vehicle fuel economy and electric vehicle (EV) range.

关键词：太阳能电池；乙烯聚合物；玻璃；电动汽车

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