Air emission regulations and legislations, globally, have lasting effects on various markets of the world. The markets that predominantly use fossil fuels were the worst affected with these regulations, and these markets have started to adopt alternative fuel sources that show lesser environment impact. In such a context (with LNG being a relatively cleaner fuel), the market studied was valued USD 250.47 million in 2018, and it is projected to reach USD 760.31 million by 2024, at a CAGR of 15.91% over 2019-2024 (henceforth referred as ‘the forecast period’). The market studied has evolved over the past decade, driven by the growth in the global LNG usage, clean energy demand, and its ability to reduce greenhouse gases emissions. The order and delivery of LNG-powered vessels are growing and the reduced natural gas prices in 2014 have marked the beginning of expanding opportunities for such vessels. A gradual shift to LNG for propulsion is more advantageous, as compared to the traditional methods of fuelling ships with heavy fuel oil, marine gas oil, marine diesel oil, and others. LNG-based propulsion reduces carbon footprint significantly and increases the ship’s operational efficiency.

This report on the global tubing spools market presents a detailed analysis of the trends, future estimations, and thorough study of the market based on type, application, and region. The study estimates the revenue generated from the sales of various types of tubing spools, which include single tubing and dual tubing. In addition, the report focuses on tubing spool applications such as onshore and offshore. Moreover, the regional coverage of this market includes North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and LAMEA (Latin America, Middle East, and Africa). It further provides insights on the drivers, restraints, and opportunities to understand the dynamics and potential of the market. Furthermore, the report provides information about the strategies adopted by the key players to sustain the competition and increase their market shares.

我们之前探讨过低油价下，烯烃成本曲线的改变。放在更大的范围内，能否用类似的“平价”思路或者“成本曲线”思路，对比不同能源类型的比价关系，以及低油价对成本曲线的重塑？

2020年1-4月，我国石油行业运行呈现以下特征。一是国际油价持续下跌对国内油气开采业产生了一定压制作用，开采业固定资产投资增速下降明显，跌入负值区间，加工业投资增速持续负增长但降幅有所收窄。二是原油价格下跌致使油气开采活跃度下降，生产活动减弱，开采业增加值增速持续放缓。国内实现整体上的复工复产，生产活动逐步恢复，加工业增加值虽持续负增长但降幅有所收窄。原油累计产量保持增长。临时停工或降负荷生产的炼油装置逐步向正常水平靠拢，原油加工量出现一定回升。三是减产规模不足以弥补需求下降的幅度，在需求疲软、供应过剩、存储空间短缺等多重利空因素叠加的作用下，国际油价“不升反降”。国内成品油价格受原油价格影响经历两次搁浅。四是原油累计进口量稳定增长，但增速下滑。2020年4月原油没有出口。成品油累计进口量持续负增长且降幅持续扩大，累计出口量保持增长。五是两大子行业企业经营困难。开采业的营收增速下降，利润增速大幅下降。加工业营收增速延续上月下降趋势且降幅扩大，利润总额依然为负，降幅明显。

Zeolites were first discovered in the 18th century as a natural mineral which has an exceptional adsorption property. Zeolites are crystalline solids structures made of aluminosilicates with variable Si/Al ratio, that form a framework with cavities and channels inside, where cations, water, and small molecules could get adsorbed or desorbed. Synthetic zeolite could be produced from natural minerals, such as natural zeolite, silica, and alumina. Due to their large pore volume, zeolite molecular sieves have an impeccable adsorption capacity and catalysis properties. Since the birth of synthetic zeolite, the application of synthetic zeolite has been greatly expanding. Zeolites molecular sieves are currently used in a wide range of industries, such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, wastewater treatmen t, environmental, automotive, pharmaceuti cal, a griculture, and aquaculture for the application of catalysis, separation processes, adsorption of Sulphur and nitrogen, prevent air pollution, etc. Zeolite catalyst consumption is dominated by the Fluid Catalytic Cracker (FCC) and desulphurization application in refineries, which accounts for more than 70% in value.

2019 年12 月11 日，沙特阿美上市，成为当时全球市值最大的公司。作为全球最大的石油公司，沙特阿美拥有远超其他国际石油巨头的油气资源，以及更低的生产成本。且由于沙特政府财政收入对石油的高度依赖性，沙特阿美与沙特国家命运紧密地联系在一起。我们希望通过对沙特阿美发展历程的研究，寻求我国在保障能源安全方面的经验和发展路径。

尽管全球库存仍处于上升期，但市场情绪回暖，关注度转移至边际改善的逻辑。原油最坏时期已过，好于我们预期，短期震荡筑底，近期原油价格持续上涨积累调整需求，但调整幅度预计有限。

日本、中国、韩国液化天然气（LNG）进口量分别为世界前三位。近几年，日本LNG进口量呈稳中有降的变化趋势，韩国规划大力发展天然气消费。日本、韩国的LNG接收站规模分别居全球前两位。日本和韩国在LNG接收站定位、产业链延伸、获取资源模式上存在相似性，包括投资LNG上游项目，建造并运营LNG运输船，合力布局LNG产业，但在LNG基础设施建设和商业模式方面各有特点，各自形成了独特的发展策略。面对“亚洲溢价”，两国在推行区域交易中心、调整资源配置、提升买方议价能力上进行了探索与尝试。借鉴日本和韩国LNG进口模式，对中国LNG进口提出建议：鼓励国内企业参与海外LNG采购；从天然气立法角度发布国内LNG产业政策；加强交易中心建设；调配LNG采购资源池；做强LNG运输船队。

2019年，布伦特原油期货均价为64.2美元/桶，同比降幅为10.5%，世界石油市场供应和需求艰难平衡；美国对全球石油市场的掌控力和影响力继续加强；全球油气发现储量大幅增长；油气资产交易量减额增，美国页岩油气资产交易首度降温。中国原油和石油对外依存度首次双破70%，成品油出口量首破5000万吨；油气勘探开发行动计划初见成效，估计原油产量为1.91亿吨，同比约增长1.1%，天然气产量为1738亿立方米，同比约增长9.8%；炼油总能力上升至8.6亿吨/年，民企占比明显提高；油气体制改革力度空前。预计2020年国际油价将维持震荡走势，布伦特原油均价为60～65美元/桶；全球天然气供需总体宽松，天然气价格将保持低位运行；勘探开发投资预计为4756亿美元，同比增长7%；新增产能多，需求增长放缓，乙烯业的运行情况不容乐观；美国页岩油气行业资产交易或将重新活跃。中国上游勘探开发投资继续保持历史高位，原油产量有望达到1.94亿吨，天然气产量上升至1900亿立方米；天然气市场化进程将加快推进；炼油能力过剩形势将更加严峻，乙烯行业利润继续收窄。