Giant Raman scattering in the metal nanostructures that is known as surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was discovered in the last quarter of the twentieth century. It might be the most important discovery in optics at the end of the century. SERS effect is observed when the investigated substance is deposited onto metal nanoparticles (NPs), clusters of the particles, rough metal surfaces (e.g., chemical etching electrodes), and semi-continuous metal films. SERS has witnessed many successes over the past three decades, owing particularly to its simplicity of use as well as its highly multiplexing capability in biomedical investigations. SERS has emerged as a promising nanosensing technique for in vivo diagnostics. This chapter provides an overview of SERS and its applicability in the field of biosensing. This chapter is divided up as follows: First, the fundamental mechanisms of Raman scattering and SERS are briefly discussed. Second, an assortment of preclinical and clinical SERS applications is discussed. Third, different technologies for SERS-active plasmonic substrate preparation are described. Finally, we consider a new phenomenon associated with the giant enhancement of Raman scattering in the profiled dielectric film.

关键词：拉曼散射（SERS）；生物医学；纳米颗粒

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Infrared (IR) detectors have found wide-spread use in military applications including night-vision, rifle sights, surveillance gear, and tracking and guidance systems. These detectors provide a means for information collection and increased situational awareness, allowing for threat identification and informed decision making. The IR sensors used in these detectors can be categorized into two classes Photon (or quantum) and Thermal depending on the physics of operation. Photon detectors operate by the creation of an electrical signal in semiconducting material produced from the electronic absorption of incoming photons, and the signal is read as a photocurrent or at a photovoltaic p-n junction. These detectors can provide high-sensitivity and fast refresh rates and are typically found in applications with high- sensitivity requirements. Unfortunately, these detectors require sub-100 K cooling to lower thermal noise for optimal performance making them both bulky and expensive.

关键词：红外探测器；数据采集；铁电；电力系统

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Worldwide adoption of Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) databases in health care have generated an unprecedented amount of clinical data available electronically. There has been an increasing trend in US and western institutions towards collaborating with China on medical research using EMR data. However, few studies have investigated characteristics of EMR data in China and their differences with the data in US hospitals. As an initial step towards differentiating EMR data in Chinese and US systems, this study attempts to understand system and cultural differences that may exist between Chinese and English clinical documents. We collected inpa-tient discharge summaries from one Chinese and from three US institutions and manually analyzed three major clinical components in text: medical problems, tests, and treatments. We reported comparison results at the document level and section level and discussed potential reasons for observed differences. Documenting and understanding differences in clinical reports from the US and China EMRs are important for cross-country collaborations. Our study also provided valuable insights for developing natural language processing tools for Chinese clinical text.

关键词：跨语言;临床记录;出院小结

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The uncertainty and variability associated with photovoltaic (PV) generation make it very challenging to balance power system generation and load, especially for high penetration cases. Higher reserve requirements and more cycling of conventional generators are generally anticipated for large-scale PV integration. However, whether the existing generation fleet is flexible enough to handle the variations and how well the system can maintain its control performance are difficult to predict. The goal of this project is to develop a software program that can perform intra-hour dispatch and automatic generation control (AGC) simulation, by which the balancing operations of a system can be simulated to answer the questions posed above. The simulator, named Electric System Intra-Hour Operation Simulator (ESIOS), uses the NV Energy southern system as a study case, and models the systems generator configurations, AGC functions, and operator actions used to balance system generation and load. Actual dispatch of AGC generators and control performance under various PV penetration levels were assessed by running ESIOS. The results could provide system operators with more insights on what to expect with different amount of PV generation in the system. This report describes the design of the simulator and presents the study results.

关键词：光伏电源；可再生能源；仿真；电力系统

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This report presents results from the second U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored, bottom-up data-collection and analysis of non-hardware balance-of-system costs--often referred to as business process or soft costs--for U.S. residential and commercial photovoltaic (PV) systems. Annual expenditure and labor-hour-productivity data are analyzed to benchmark 2012 soft costs related to (1) customer acquisition and system design and (2) permitting, inspection, and interconnection (PII). We also include an in-depth analysis of costs related to financing, overhead, and profit. The second annual survey of U.S. PV installers was deployed from September 2012 to May 2013, focusing on customer acquisition and PII costs for the study period of January 1 to June 30, 2012. We gathered data from 55 residential PV installers, representing 4,260 residential installations and approximately 27 MW of residential capacity installed during the first half of 2012. We cleaned the data for outliers, yielding sample sizes ranging by cost category from 47 to 53. We also gathered data from 22 commercial PV installers, representing 269 commercial PV installations during the 6-month study period for a total of 66 MW of capacity.

关键词：光伏电源;基准;成本;数据收集;互联电力系统

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This presentation gives the historical background of the creation of the International PV QA Task Force as an introduction to the PV Module Reliability Workshop.

关键词：光伏电源;质量保证;建议;电力系统

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In order to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic generation as well as the power quality,grid-connected inverters for PV generation research was carried out for photovoltaic maximum power point tracking.Based on some current studies on the incremental conductance method,an advanced incremental conductance control algorithm was proposed,which can track maximum power point rapidly and accurately.The oscillation phenomenon,which exists near the maximum power point,was improved at a great extent,so to the efficiency of photovoltaic cells generation electricity.The inverter control system has an advantage in its high speed and flexibility by applying advanced control algorithm.And the source harmonic current is remarkably reduced.In addition,the power factor is enhanced and the power quality is improved.Finally,according to the principle of inverter control system and based on the analysis on the mathematical model of photovoltaic inverter,a simulation model of that is established based on MATLAB/SIMULINK.

关键词：光伏发电；并网；逆变器；最大功率点跟踪

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This test report analyzes the results of power hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) simulation testing of a 500 kW Satcon photovoltaic (PV) inverter. The tests were conducted at the Center for Advanced Power Systems (CAPS) at Florida State University (FSU) from March 12th through March 16th,2012. It complements the test report issued by FSU, which details the test procedure and overall test results. This report presents independent analysis conducted by Satcon of data captured during testing. It will focus specifically on the operation of the inverter during testing. The purpose of the report is to present analysis that: 1. Validates the microgrid test configuration by verifying that the inverter responds to the environment in a manner that is consistent with an equivalent real-world application; 2. Demonstrates two different power control modes of the inverter, and 3. Identifies areas for further development or refinement of the inverters existing power control functions, and identifies potential issues or modifications to the PHIL test approach for future similar PHIL tests.

关键词：光伏电源；逆变器；配电；电网；互联电网系统

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We seek to forecast the lifetime of modules in the field using accelerated testing. Collection of sufficient data from modules undergoing indoor accelerated lifetime testing to enable statistical analyses and lifetime predictions has been difficult, and data are lacking. Measurement of power degradation generally involves intermittently removing the module from the environmental chamber and measuring power on a solar simulator, which is a time-consuming process when numerous samples are involved. Methods are therefore sought to characterize the state of degradation of the module in-situ during stress testing.

关键词：硅；太阳能；电力系统；电源供应器

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This analysis evaluates how the value of energy storage changes when adding variable generation (VG) renewable energy resources to the grid. A series of VG energy penetration scenarios from 16to 55were generated for a utility system in the western United States. This operational value of storage (measured by its ability to reduce system production costs) was estimated in each VG scenario, considering provision of different services and with several sensitivities to fuel price and generation mix. Overall, the results found that the presence of VG increases the value of energy storage by lowering off-peak energy prices more than on-peak prices, leading to a greater opportunity to arbitrage this price difference. However, significant charging from renewables, and consequently a net reduction in carbon emissions, did not occur until VG penetration was in the range of 40-50. Increased penetration of VG also increases the potential value of storage when providing reserves, mainly by increasing the amount of reserves required by the system. Despite this increase in value, storage may face challenges in capturing the full benefits it provides. Due to suppression of on-/off-peak price differentials, reserve prices, and incomplete capture of certain system benefits (such as the cost of power plant starts), the revenue obtained by storage in a market setting appears to be substantially less than the net benefit (reduction in production costs) provided to the system. Furthermore, it is unclear how storage will actually incentivize large-scale deployment of renewables needed to substantially increase VG penetration. This demonstrates some of the additional challenges for storage deployed in restructured energy markets.

关键词：太阳能；风力发电；能源储存；电网

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