Shade sails are a cover made from durable outdoor fabric that delivers protection from the sun. They use a flexible membrane tensioned between several anchor points. Shade sails are affordable as well as easy to install. In addition, it provides an appealing look to houses, heritage buildings, commercial as well as industrial areas. Shade sails come in several shapes, sizes, and colors as per individual requirements. Most of the shade sails block 90−95% of the UV rays. Depending on the shade material weight color and the tightness of the weave, there are some variations in UV absorption. However, the differences are usually less than 5%. For maximum sun protection, heavier fabric with a tighter weave and darker colors is preferred as the darker colors usually block most of the UV rays.

军工企业2021 年年报已披露完毕，我们选取54 家核心军工企业并按照产业链分为总装类、电子配套类和材料配套类三类来进行财务数据整理分析。经统计，2021 年军工行业54 家核心企业整体营业收入合计为4,256.34 亿元，同比增长14.56%，归母净利润合计为273.35 亿元，同比增长34.45%，行业整体业绩保持较快增长。具体来看，2021 年总装类、电子配套类、材料配套类企业营业收入增速分别为11.54%、17.02%、29.75%，归母净利润增速分别为15.48%、36.62%、58.89%，均依次递增。上游业绩增速最高，体现了军工上游企业的高景气，高景气未来将进一步向中下游传导。从估值水平来看，目前板块已调整至2013 年水平，处于军工板块近10 年来较低位置，且基金持仓比例也处于低配状态。

NextGen avionics represents a transition from a ground-based air traffic control system to a satellite-based air traffic management system, facilitated by the expansion of aviation-specific applications for commonly-used technologies, such as global positioning system (GPS), along with technological advancements in areas such as weather forecasting, data networking, and navigation. The detailed and accurate satellite-based landing paths can be used by aircraft fitted with self-monitoring avionics and piloted by skilled pilots to fly safely near congested skies or mountainous regions. High levels of required navigation performance (RNP) capability are integrated into new commercial airplanes and business jets as well as those being upgraded with NextGen avionics.

无人机在现代战争中应用日益广泛。自1982 年贝卡谷地之战以 色列成功使用无人机瘫痪叙利亚防空体系开始，无人机在现代 战争中应用日益广泛，应用样式从最初的侦察迈向了察打一体， 在战争中的作用日益显著，获得了世界各国的重视。

After two years of turmoil, the aviation industry appears to be poised for a decade of growth. But unlike the last decade, which enjoyed steady annual increases in demand, the next 10 years are apt to be filled with a multitude of challenges that will test the industry’s resilience. COVID-19 continues to torment airlines and aerospace as well as the global economy in general despite effective vaccines. While a significant portion of domestic air travel demand around the world has recovered and the fleet is growing again, the unpredictable nature of COVID-19 and its variants remains the industry’s biggest immediate obstacle to business as usual. The rapid spread of Omicron at the end of 2021 set in motion a variety of complications for the industry from absenteeism in the workforce, to government travel restrictions, to disruption of the supply chain, to name a few.

对航司来说，①产品不可储存，航班起飞后空位价值直线下降为零；②经营杠杆较高，覆盖变动成本后的销售额增量即为利润。对消费者来说，③产品同质化，在同类航司（全服务或者低成本）执飞的航班中，产品本身对于消费者而言差别基本可忽略，故票价是消费的关键决定因素；④价格透明，航司无法单独提价，故定价接近边际成本。低边际成本+激烈的价格竞争，供需关系决定航司客运收入。客运收入的主要影响因素为票价和客座率，考虑到完全竞争下机票市场定价接近边际成本，故供需关系是影响源头。

申万国防军工板块已有80 家上市公司公布2021 年报或业绩快报，平均营收增长19.5%、平均归母净利润增长14.3%。主要细分板块来看，
航空装备34 家公司平均营收增长14.8%、平均归母净利润增长12.7%；军工电子32 家公司平均营收增长26.2%、平均归母净利润增长17%。
中航重机、振华科技、西部超导等业绩增速超过100%，航宇科技、派克新材、中兵红箭、鸿远电子、雷电微力等业绩增速超过50%。

本轮国防建设的大浪潮下，让许多优质的国防配套企业脱颖而出，但我们认为在关注财务数据、跟踪订单产能的同时，也应适当跳出景气度投资的框架，寻找一些在核心技术上有雄厚底蕴，致力于新技术、新材料、新产品的应用推广，有望从供给端推动迭代，在未来整个中国高端制造业的某一领域成为中流砥柱的优质企业。前沿技术产业化带来的高性能产品、生产效率提升乃至颠覆性的创新，是未来大国博弈的制高点。而军事工业的特殊性让其天然成为众多前沿技术第一轮产业化的阵地，美国就在其《国防战略》中提到，要“以高新技术应用实现军队建设质变，从而取得与对手之间的代际优势”。因此前沿技术领域投资虽然天然具备军工属性，但其未来的成长空间却决不局限于单一的军工领域。