This report describes the activities of the Energy Storage group over FY2012. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) supports energy storage R&D under the Vehicle Technologies Program at the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The DOE Energy Storage Programs charter is to develop battery technologies that will enable large market penetration of electric drive vehicles. These vehicles could have a significant impact on the nation's goal of reducing dependence on imported oil and gaseous pollutant emissions. DOE has established several program activities to address and overcome the barriers limiting the penetration of electric drive battery technologies: cost, performance, safety, and life. These programs are: (1) Advanced Battery Development (through the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC)); (2) Battery Testing, Analysis and Design; (3) Applied Battery Research (ABR), and (4) Focused Fundamental Research, or Batteries for Advanced Transportation Technologies (BATT).

关键词：储能系统；设计；电气电池；电动车

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An electrical vehicle environment was established to promote research and technology development in the area of high power energy management. The project incorporates a topology that permits parallel development of an alternative energy delivery system and an energy storage system. The objective of the project is to develop technologies, specifically power electronics, energy storage electronics and controls that provide efficient and effective energy management between electrically powered devices in alternative energy vehicles--plug-in electric vehicles, hybrid vehicles, range extended vehicles, and hydrogen-based fuel cell vehicles. In order to meet the project objectives, the Vehicle Energy Management System (VEMS) was defined and subsystem requirements were obtained. Afterwards, power electronics, energy storage electronics and controls were designed. Finally, these subsystems were built, tested individually, and integrated into an electric vehicle system to evaluate and optimize the subsystems performance.

关键词：能源存储系统；电动汽车；能源管理；燃料电池；混合动力车；插件电动汽车

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The advanced range safety system project is a collaboration between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the United States Air Force to develop systems that would reduce costs and schedule for safety approval for new classes of unmanned high-energy vehicles. The mission-planning feature for this system would yield flight profiles that satisfy the mission requirements for the user while providing an increased quality of risk assessment, enhancing public safety. By improving the speed and accuracy of predicting risks to the public, mission planners would be able to expand flight envelopes significantly. Once in place, this system is expected to offer the flexibility of handling real-time risk management for the high-energy capabilities of hypersonic vehicles including autonomous return-from-orbit vehicles and extended flight profiles over land. Users of this system would include mission planners of Space Launch Initiative vehicles, space planes, and other high-energy vehicles. The real-time features of the system could make extended flight of a malfunctioning vehicle possible, in lieu of an immediate terminate decision. With this improved capability, the user would have more time for anomaly resolution and potential recovery of a malfunctioning vehicle.

关键词：高能源汽车；安全系统

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The study analyzes the potential market penetration in Arizona of various types of alternate energy vehicles. The market penetration is analyzed in terms of changes in the price of fuel, tax incentives, costs of conversion and consumer attitudes. Short term market penetration, in the absence of legal intervention, is expected to amount to a very small fraction of the total operating fleet of motor vehicles.

关键词：能源汽车；燃料；价格

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The mechanical behavior of a military vehicle during off-highway operation is complex and highly nonlinear. Some current vehicle concepts include added intelligence through the implementation of sensors and controllers to enable autonomous or semi-autonomous operations. Control systems have typically been developed with controls software where the mechanical plant and sensors are represented as simplified and often linearized blocks, resulting in a poor vehicle assessment. This paper describes the development of an integrated environment for a control system, mechanical system dynamics, and sensor simulation for an improved assessment of the vehicle system performance. The vehicle chosen is an autonomous robot that attempts to follow a prescribed path along an off-highway terrain. The effect of including a stability controller for vehicle mobility is assessed. The architecture of the integrated simulation environment is described and its potential to improve schedule and reduce risk of the development of mechatronic military vehicle systems is explored.

关键词：控制器；汽车；传感器

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A control strategy is proposed for a minimally-actuated flapping- wing micro air-vehicle (FWMAV). The proposed vehicle is similar to the Harvard RoboFly that accomplished the first takeoff of an insect scale flapping wing aircraft, except that it is equipped with independently actuated wings. Using the derivation of the aerodynamic forces and moments from Part I, a control allocation strategy and a feedback control law are designed that enable the vehicle to achieve untethered, stabilized flight about a hover condition. Six degree-of-freedom maneuvers near hover are demonstrated as well. The control laws are designed to make use of two actuators that control the angular position of the wing in the stroke plane. The Split-Cycle Constant-Period Frequency Modulation with Wing Bias technique, introduced in Part I, is used to allow each wing to generate non-zero cycleaveraged aerodynamic forces and moments. This technique modifies the frequencies of the up and down strokes to yield non-zero cycle-averaged drag due to the flapping motion of a wing. Additionally, the midpoint of the wingbeat profile can be modified by use of a wing bias. The bias is introduced to primarily provide pitching moment control. In this work, the sensitivities of cycle-averaged forces and moments with respect to the control parameters are computed. Single axis controllers are designed and the complete system is simulated.

关键词：控制器；汽车；仿生汽车

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A new vehicle following controller is proposed for autonomous intelligent vehicles. The proposed vehicle following controller not only provides smooth transient maneuvers for unavoidable nonzero initial conditions but also guarantees the asymptotic platoon stability without the availability of feedforward information. Furthermore, the achieved asymptotic platoon stability is shown to be robust to sensor delays and an upper bound for the allowable sensor delays is also provided in this paper.

关键词：控制器；智能汽车；零部件

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This paper describes the design, analysis, and nonlinear simulation results (batch and piloted) for a longitudinal controller which is scheduled to be flight-tested on the High-Alpha Research Vehicle (HARV). The HARV is an F-18 airplane modified for and equipped with multi-axis thrust vectoring. The paper includes a description of the facilities, a detailed review of the feedback controller design, linear analysis results of the feedback controller, a description of the feed-forward controller design, nonlinear batch simulation results, and piloted simulation results. Batch simulation results include maximum pitch stick agility responses, angle of attack alpha captures, and alpha regulation for full lateral stick rolls at several alpha's. Piloted simulation results include task descriptions for several types of maneuvers, task guidelines, the corresponding Cooper-Harper ratings from three test pilots, and some pilot comments. The ratings show that desirable criteria are achieved for almost all of the piloted simulation tasks.

关键词：车辆控制器；汽车零部件

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The report describes the results of a study to investigate,identify,and analyze the potential problems of electromagnetic interference from all sources (internal and external to the vehicle) that may cause malfunction of motor vehicle electronic control and electronically actuated safety devices. This program accomplishes an analysis of inter-and intra-vehicle energy transfer and coupling by computer simulation,using DOD developed modeling techniques that have been employed for a wide range of EMC/EMI design and evaluation support problems. These applications have included aircraft,spacecraft,and advanced surface ships. A computerized circuit analysis model adapted from the IBM Electronic Circuit Analysis Program (ECAP) is used to assess susceptability of representative types of electronic components and subsystems typically used in automotive electronic applications. A preliminary EM environmental source file is provided based on a literature search of vehicular internal noise sources and worst case external electromagnetic field descriptions. Validation test plans and preliminary EMC guidelines for automotive electronics are summarized.

关键词：电子控制；汽车；安全装置；电磁干扰

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The report presents a set of basic guidelines to promote EMC in the use of electronic control and safety devices in automobiles. The applications and technological developments concerned with current automotive electronics are discussed. The research conducted by the automotive industry to explore the feasibility of a central processor or control system and potential problem areas are reviewed. A section is presented on the automotive electrical environment including a summary of source and coupled waveforms. A large section discusses guidelines for design,installation and testing of electronic control and safety devices in automobiles.

关键词：电子控制；汽车零部件

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