Stout and porter beer are types of craft beer. Stout is a dark, top-fermented beer with a number of variations, including dry stout, Baltic porter, milk stout, and imperial stout. Porters are dark beers with big chocolate and coffee aromas and flavors. The only main difference between stout and porter beer is the kind of malt that is used to brew each type of beer. Porters use malted barley, and stouts are primarily made from unmalted roasted barley.

Traditionally root beer is made from the sassafras tree, and it can be either alcoholic or non-alcoholic. It can contain caffeine or can be decaffeinated.

Nitro-infused beverages are drinks that have been infused with nitrogen gas. The infusion of nitrogen gas into beverages gives them (beverages) a creamy, smooth texture and a rich, velvety mouthfeel. Nitrogen is less soluble in liquid than carbon dioxide, so the bubbles created are smaller and more stable, contributing to the unique texture. Nitro infusion is a commonly used technique in coffee, beer, and tea. They are often served on tap, similar to draft beer, to maintain the effect of nitrogen infusion and are known for their distinctive, frothy consistency.

Filtration systems are used in the food and beverage industry for clarifying products, removing spoilage microorganisms, and stabilizing products and other applications, which in turn, ensure the quality of edible products.

啤酒属于大众品，天然具备规模天花板，多元化发展能够为企业打破 天花板实现企业规模的持续增长。由于啤酒属于大众品，受制于人口总量、结构以及经济发展等要素，经过一段时间的发展，销量通常会面临“增量 转存量”的局面，此时厂商通常会推动高端化战略寻求产品结构升级下的二次增长机会，但由于规模不断加大，增速不可避免将放缓。部分企业为了实现总体业绩的持续增长，通常会推动多元化发展战略寻求第二曲线，本次我们主要对日本两大啤酒企业的创新和多元化发展战略进行了研究，我们发现两大日本啤酒企业的多元化业务都始于原有啤酒业务的遇到天花板前做的布局准备和铺垫。

Coffee pods refer to the convenient-to-use, single-serve ground coffee portions that are either pre-packaged in filter papers (coffee pods) or in plastic or aluminum cups (coffee capsules). They are primarily available in three varieties such as soft coffee pods, hard coffee pods, and capsules.