Wind energy has mushroomed into a mature and booming global green business while generation costs have fallen dramatically. Modern wind turbine technologies have been improved significantly in their power rating, efficiency and reliability. Global wind energy capacity is up to 196.6 GW at the end of 2010. This Chapter covers 1. mathematical models for wind turbines such as wind turbine (WT) with doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) and WT with direct-drive permanent magnet generator (DDPMG); 2. small signal stability analysis and nonlinear control using power electronic back-to-back converters, which are very similar to those of UPFC and VSC HVDC; 3. dynamic equivalent modeling of wind farms; 4. and wind farm interconnection with power grid via VSC HVDC link.

关键词：电力电子技术；风力；控制系统

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As a first step towards a microscopic understanding of single-Pt atom-dispersed catalysts on non-conventional TiN supports, we present density- functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the adsorption properties of Pt atoms on the pristine TiN(100) surface, as well as the dominant influence of surface defects on the thermodynamic stability of platinized TiN. Optimized atomic geometries, energetics, and analysis of the electronic structure of the Pt/TiN system are reported for various surface coverages of Pt. We find that atomic Pt does not bind preferably to the clean TiN surface, but under typical PEM fuel cell operating conditions, i.e. strongly oxidizing conditions, TiN surface vacancies play a crucial role in anchoring the Pt atom for its catalytic function. Whilst considering the energetic stability of the Pt/TiN structures under varying N conditions, embedding Pt at the surface N-vacancy site is found to be the most favorable under N-lean conditions. Thus, the system of embedding Pt at the surface N-vacancy site on TiN(100) surface could be a promising catalyst for PEM fuel cells.

关键词：燃料电池；吸附作用；原子

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This report provides a baseline description of the transmission issues affecting geothermal technologies. The report begins with a comprehensive overview of the grid, how it is planned, how it is used, and how it is paid for. The report then overlays onto this 'big picture' three types of geothermal technologies: conventional hydrothermal systems; emerging technologies such as enhanced engineered geothermal systems (EGS) and geopressured geothermal; and geothermal co-production with existing oil and gas wells. Each category of geothermal technology has its own set of interconnection issues, and these are examined separately for each. The report draws conclusions about each technology's market affinities as defined by factors related to transmission and distribution infrastructure. It finishes with an assessment of selected markets with known geothermal potential, identifying those that offer the best prospects for near-term commercial development and for demonstration projects.

关键词：地热；市场；能量存储；地热技术地热系统；储能；热液系统；天然气；天然气井

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The current proposal aims to explore the relationship between brain function and connectivity in selective pathways/circuits, neuropsychological functioning, and cognitive rehabilitation response in Veterans with both Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Toward this end, we propose a randomized clinical trial involving a cognitive rehabilitation intervention that targets improved executive functioning, with the participation of N=100 Veterans diagnosed with both TBI and PTSD (n=50 experimental/n=50 control). We have just begun recruitment three months ago and enrolled n=15 dyads of veterans and family members at this point.

关键词：康复计划；脑损伤；康复治疗

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This report provides analysis of the Russian energy efficiency market for the building sector from the perspective of U.S. businesses interested in exporting relevant technologies, products and experience to Russia. We aim to help U.S. energy efficiency and environmental technologies businesses to better understand the Russian building market to plan their market strategy.

关键词：建筑节能；市场；俄罗斯；节能建筑

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Continued planar bulk MOSFET scaling is becoming increasingly difficult due toincreased random variation in transistor performance with decreasing gate length, andthereby scaling of SRAM using minimum-size transistors is further challenging. Thisdissertation will discuss various advanced MOSFET designs and their benefits forextending density and voltage scaling of static memory (SRAM) arrays. Using threedimensional (3-D) process and design simulations, transistor designs are optimized. Then,using an analytical compact model calibrated to the simulated transistor current-vs.-voltagecharacteristics, the performance and yield of six-transistor (6-T) SRAM cells are estimated.For a given cell area, fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) MOSFET technology isprojected to provide for significantly improved yield across a wide range of operatingvoltages, as compared with conventional planar bulk CMOS technology. Quasi-Planar (QP)bulk silicon MOSFETs are a lower-cost alternative and also can provide for improvedSRAM yield. A more printable "notchless" QP bulk SRAM cell layout is proposed to reduce lithographic variations, and is projected to achieve six-sigma yield (required forterabit-scale SRAM arrays) with a minimum operating voltage below 1 Volt.

关键词：存储器扩展；静态存储器；晶体管

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We show very initial work on a specific bioelectrochemical system (BES), a bacteriologically driven 'fuel cell' (BFS), that is intended to process waste products, such as CO2 and brine. (1) Processing is the priority, not power generation (2) Really a Microbial Electrolysis Cell (MEC).

关键词：燃料电池；细菌学；微生物

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This case study describes how the Navy is dramatically increasing standardization of hull mechanical and electrical (HM&E) equipment across Navy ships, thereby conserving money, manpower, and time, while improving the operational readiness and availability of the fleet.

关键词：电工设备；海军舰艇设备

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Over the past decade, colloidal nanocrystal solar cells have been increasingly investigated as a candidate for low-cost, solution-processed photovoltaics. While colloidal nanocrystals have the potential to combine the superior optical and electrical properties of inorganic semiconductors with the ability for inexpensive, large-area solution-processing manufacturing techniques, significant challenges exist that have limited the performance of devices thus far.One of the most crucial issues yet to be solved is the formation of high-quality Ohmic contacts to the photoactive material that does not damage the nanocrystal film.Many novel thin film device architectures would benefit from a reproducible method of depositing metal electrodes using a non-damaging technique that is compatible with lowtemperature processing requirements. Thermal evaporation of metal electrodes onto thin films of semiconductor nanocrystals can result in damage to the crystal surfaces, diffusion of the metal into the nanocrystals, and shorting of the device through pin-holes in the nanocrystal film. Here we present an alternative method for electrically contacting semiconductor nanocrystal thin films using elastomeric stamps, where transfer of the metal to the substrate does not require an interfacial adhesion layer. We have demonstrated the usefulness of this contact method using a well-studied system of lead chalcogenide quantum dots. The elastomeric stamp contact deposition method not only allows reproducible contacts to materials prone to pin-holes, but also enables thinner layers of active material, which could benefit thin film solar cells that suffer from a short carrier mean free path.

关键词：胶体纳米晶体太阳能电池；电极；光伏发电

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We present a post-processed 6.25mm2 0.18μm Complementary Metal OxideSemiconductor (CMOS) platform that leverages the advantages of super-paramagneticbead labeling to integrate on-chip the label separation and detection functionalitiesrequired for high sensitivity bio-assays. The surfaces of the CMOS chip and of themagnetic beads are functionalized with bio-chemicals complementary to a target analyte.In a sandwich capture format, the presence of the target analyte will strongly bind 4.5μmmagnetic bead labels to the surface of the chip. The undesired background signal isminimized by the removal of the unbound magnetic beads from the detection array viamagnetic forces generated on-chip. The remaining strongly bound magnetic beads arerespectively magnetized and detected by an array of 128 stacked micro-coil/Hall sensorelements. This single chip solution does not require any external components like pumps,valves or electromagnets and is capable of detecting purified Human antibodies down toconcentrations of 100pg/ml as well as anti-Dengue antibodies in human serum samples.

关键词：互补金属氧化物半导体；CMOS；芯片；单晶片

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