Due to fire hazard safety concerns, the National Electrical Code requires arc-fault protection for the dc wiring associated with solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. In order to meet the $1/watt goal of the DOE SunShot Initiative, arc fault protection must be provided within the context of $0.40/watt balance of system and $0.10/watt power electronics costs. A highly integrated arc fault detector and circuit interrupter is the best solution to address the safety needs of the industry while still allowing the lowest possible levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for both new installations and retrofit applications.

关键词：探测器；电弧；电线；电气故障；火灾

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This report is part of an effort by the U.S. Geological Survey to update existing mineral deposit models and to develop new ones. The global transition away from hydrocarbons toward energy alternatives increases demand for many scarce metals. Among these is lithium, a key component of lithium-ion batteries for electric and hybrid vehicles. Lithium (Li) brine deposits account for about three-fourths of the world's lithium production (U.S. Geological Survey, 2011). Updating an earlier deposit model by Asher-Bolinder (1991), we emphasize geologic information that might directly or indirectly help in exploration for lithium brine deposits, or for assessing regions for mineral resource potential. Special attention is given to the best-known deposit in the world - Clayton Valley, Nevada (Kunasz, 1974; Davis and others, 1986; Price and others, 2000; Zampirro, 2004); Munk and others (2011a, b) - and to the giant Salar de Atacama, Chile (Risacher and others, 2003; Lowenstein and Risacher, 2009).

关键词：电池；碳氢化合物；过渡金属化合物

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NASA's rigorous certification process is being followed for the R2 high voltage battery program for use of R2 on International Space Station (ISS). Rigorous development testing at appropriate levels to credible off-nominal conditions and review of test data led to design improvements for safety at the virtual cell, cartridge and battery levels. Tests were carried out at all levels to confirm that both hardware and software controls work. Stringent flight acceptance testing of the flight battery will be completed before launch for mission use on ISS.

关键词：电动工具；氢气燃料电池；寿命周期成本

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For those PV technologies that rely upon Te, In, and Ga, first-order observations and calculations hint that there may be resource constraints that could inhibit their successful deployment at a SunShot level. These are only first-order approximations, however, and the possibility for an expansion in global Te, In, and Ga supplies needs to be considered in the event that there are upward revisions in their demand and prices.In this study, we examine the current, mid-term, and long-term prospects of Tellurium (Te) for use in PV. We find that the current global supply base of Te would support <10 GW of annual traditional CdTe PV manufacturing production. But as for the possibility that the supply base for Te might be expanded, after compiling several preliminary cumulative availability curves we find that there may be significant upside potential in the supply base for this element - principally vis a vis increasing demand and higher prices. Primarily by reducing the Tellurium intensity in manufacturing and by increasing the recovery efficiency of Te in Cu refining processes, we calculate that it may prove affordable to PV manufacturers to expand the supply base for Te such that 100 GW, or greater, of annual CdTe PV production is possible in the 2030 - 2050 timeframe.

关键词：Cadimum碲化物；制造业；光伏电池

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The challenging problem of ultra-high-energy-density, high- efficiency, and small-scale portable power generation is addressed here using a distinctive thermophotovoltaic energy conversion mechanism and chip-based system design, which we name the microthermophotovoltaic (TPV) generator. The approach is predicted to be capable of up to 32% efficient heat-to-electricity conversion within a millimeter-scale form factor. Although considerable technological barriers need to be overcome to reach full performance, we have performed a robust experimental demonstration that validates the theoretical framework and the key system components. Even with a much-simplified TPV system design with theoretical efficiency prediction of 2.7%, we experimentally demonstrate 2.5% efficiency. The TPV experimental system that was built and tested comprises a silicon propane microcombustor, an integrated high- temperature photonic crystal selective thermal emitter, four 0.55-eV GaInAsSb thermophotovoltaic diodes, and an ultrahigh- efficiency maximum power-point tracking power electronics converter. The system was demonstrated to operate up to 800 C (silicon microcombustor temperature)with an input thermal power of 13.7W, generating 344 mW of electric power over a 1-cm(expn 2) area.

关键词：燃烧；效率；能量密度；发电机；高效率

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Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy (UVVisible) and time-resolved laser fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) optical techniques can permit on-line analysis of actinide elements in a solvent extraction process in real time. These techniques have been used for measuring actinide speciation and concentration under laboratory conditions and are easily adaptable to multiple sampling geometries, such as dip probes, fiber-optic sample cells, and flow-through cell geometries. To fully exploit these techniques, researchers must determine the fundamental speciation of target actinides and the resulting influence on spectroscopic properties. Detection limits, process conditions, and speciation of key actinide components can be established and utilized in a range of areas, particularly those related to materials accountability and process control. Through this project, researchers will develop tools and spectroscopic techniques to evaluate solution extraction conditions and concentrations of U, Pu, and Cm in extraction processes, addressing areas of process control and materials accountability. The team will evaluate UV Visible and TRLFS for use in solvent extraction-based separations. Ongoing research is examining efficacy of UV-Visible spectroscopy to evaluate uranium and plutonium speciation under conditions found in the UREX process and using TRLFS to evaluate Cm speciation and concentration in the TALSPEAK process. A uranyl and plutonium nitrate UVVisible spectroscopy study met with success, which supports the utility and continued exploration of spectroscopic methods for evaluation of actinide concentrations and solution conditions for other aspects of the UREX+ solvent extraction scheme.

关键词：材料问责制；过程控制；锕系元素；激光光谱学

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Many patients become hypothermic after severe injury due to environmental exposure during transport. These patients also have decreased thermoregulation due to blood loss. Normal core body temperature is defined as 37 deg C and core body temperature below 35 deg C and above 40 deg C is defined as hypothermia and hyperthermia respectively. Studies have shown much better outcomes for patients with either trauma or hypothermia compared to patients with both trauma and hypothermia. Additionally, studies have shown that decreasing the hyperthermic patient s core body temperature rapidly to 3838 deg Cowers the incidence of complications and the risk of death. Currently, one of the most effective treatments for dysthermic patients involves the use of active convective/conductive heating/cooling devices. However, current devices require heavy or bulky equipment not suitable for military applications. This study focuses on developing a portable battery operated body temperature conditioning system. The heating/cooling system has been designed to maximize efficiency allowing for a reduction in component and battery weight. Additionally, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are being utilized to allow for military use during medical evacuations in the absence of a reliable power source. To evaluate the heating/cooling capacity of the device, patient simulation testing will be performed through the use of a thermal manikin. This research will identify specific design improvements to be implemented in a reiterative process, ultimately leading to an efficient portable body temperature conditioning device suitable for military applications.

关键词：便携式设备；蓄电池；温度控制

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The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the principles of electrochemical transduction in biosensors. After a brief introduction, the different types of biosensor will be described in turn, with emphasis on recent advances in their conceptualization and application. A chemical sensor is generally defined as a device that transforms chemical information into an analytically useful signal. A biosensor is defined as a device that uses specific biochemical reactions mediated by enzymes, immunosystems, tissues, organelles, or whole cells to detect chemical compounds, usually by electrical, thermal, or optical signals.

关键词：电池；化学反应；传感器

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Polyelectrolytes, which are a macromolecule dissolved in water or polar solvent, have gained a wide attention among scientists and engineers for their wide application areas. Their different properties have allowed them to be used in many areas such as soap, body lotions, electrochromic devices, solid-state reference electrode systems, fuel cell exchange membranes, water treatment, waste treatment, paper production, corrosion protection, fuel cells, electrodialysis, contact lenses, membrane-based separations, drug delivery, and genetic science. Biocompatible polyelectrolytes are also utilized in biosensors and biomolecular recognition systems. Layer-by-layer (LbL) technique can be used to produce polyelectrolyte multilayer. Severe substrate such as gold, quartz, silicon, glass, plastic, stainless steel can be used in LbL technique. LbL technique is reproducible, cost-effective, and environmentally-friendly method. The characteristic properties of polyelectrolyte depend on the interaction between electrostatic forces. The degree of polymer charge can modify the electrostatic interactions. We examine the scaling theory according to Gennes et al. and Beurle and Nogovitsin in this chapter. After having discussed the scaling theory, we provide a basic introduction to properties of the neutron scattering and dynamic light scattering. In the end, we analyzed biopolymers and ionomers briefly. Polyelectrolytes (PEs) are generally denned as macromolecules, which when dissolved in water, dissociate to give highly charged polymeric molecules. As another definition, polyelectrolytes are polymers carrying either positively or negatively charged ionizable groups. These groups dissociate under appropriate conditions, and leaving ions on the chain and counter ions in the solution Examples of polyelectrolytes include polystyrene sulfonate, polyacrylic and polymethacrylic acids and their salts. DNA, proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccha-rides and other poly acids are given example to the natural polyelectrolytes. Polyelectrolytes are well known to play a vital role in nature and technology. PEs finds widespread use as solubilizing agents, phase separation agents, and rheo-logical property modifiers in daily life and technological applications. However, despite of their fundamental and practice importance, PEs systems still remain only poorly understood. This relates to the fact that their chemistry and physics are influenced by many controlling parameters, such as molecular weight, salt concentration, pH of the solution, etc.

关键词：电池磁极；聚电解质；化学反应

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Effects of thermal discharge from a coastal power plant on phytoplankton community were determined in subtropical Zhanjiang Bay.Two sampling transects were chosen up and down the Zhanjiang Plant in the Zhanjiang Bay, Nine stations were located along the two transects, which were divided into four zones.Monthly boat cruises were undertaken in the bay at spring up here, tide ebb slack, neap rise open and neap tide ebb slack respectively, during the period April-October 2012.Species diversity (H') showed a distinct increasing gradient from the most thermally polluted zone to the healthy zone.The more distinct gradient occurred at spring tide.Species diversity fluctuated during April-October 2011 and four sampling tide times with no visible patterns.Evenness showed indistinct gradient from the heated water source to the control zone, and fluctuated during April-October 2011 and four sampling tide times with no visible patterns.Species richness, cell count and Chl a concentration at mixed and healthy zones were significantly higher than that at heated zones, with the maximum value recorded at mixed zone, and showed seasonal and tidal changes with no obvious pattern.

关键词：温排水；滨海电厂；浮游植物群落；潮时代

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