Volcanic SO2 column amount and injection height retrieved from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) with the Extended Iterative Spectral Fitting (EISF) technique are used to initialize a global chemistry transport model (GEOS-Chem) to simulate the atmospheric transport and lifecycle of volcanic SO2 and sulfate aerosol from the 2008 Kasatochi eruption, and to subsequently estimate the direct shortwave, top-of-the-atmosphere radiative forcing of the volcanic sulfate aerosol. Analysis shows that the integrated use of OMI SO2 plume height in GEOS-Chem yields: (a) good agreement of the temporal evolution of 3-D volcanic sulfate distributions between model simulations and satellite observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarisation (CALIOP), and (b) an e-folding time for volcanic SO2 that is consistent with OMI measurements, reflecting SO2 oxidation in the upper troposphere and stratosphere is reliably represented in the model. However, a consistent (approx. 25) low bias is found in the GEOS-Chem simulated SO2 burden, and is likely due to a high (approx. 20) bias of cloud liquid water amount (as compared to the MODIS cloud product) and the resultant stronger SO2 oxidation in the GEOS meteorological data during the first week after eruption when part of SO2 underwent aqueous-phase oxidation in clouds. Radiative transfer calculations show that the forcing by Kasatochi volcanic sulfate aerosol becomes negligible 6 months after the eruption, but its global average over the first month is -1.3W/sq m, with the majority of the forcing-influenced region located north of 20degN, and with daily peak values up to -2W/sq m on days 16-17. Sensitivity experiments show that every 2 km decrease of SO2 injection height in the GEOS-Chem simulations will result in a approx.25decrease in volcanic sulfate forcing; similar sensitivity but opposite sign also holds for a 0.03 m increase of geometric radius of the volcanic aerosol particles. Both sensitivities highlight the need to characterize the SO2 plume height and aerosol particle size from space. While more research efforts are warranted, this study is among the first to assimilate both satellite-based SO2 plume height and amount into a chemical transport model for an improved simulation of volcanic SO2 and sulfate transport.

关键词：二氧化硫； MODIS（辐射测量）；臭氧；大气环流

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The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) was launched by the Republic of Korea on 27 June 2010 and is the first geostationary ocean color sensor in orbit that provides coastal bio-optical properties (such as chlorophyll concentration, absorption and backscattering coefficients) at unprecedented high spatial and temporal resolution. GOCI has 8 spectral bands covering 2,500 km x 2,500 km (centered 130E, 36N) at 500 m spatial resolution. Unlike polar-orbiting satellites which provide only one or two images of the same geographic area per day, GOCI collects images every hour from 9am to 4pm (eight images per day). This high temporal resolution can lead to improved understanding of short time scale optical and bio-optical variability in the ocean surface. However, retrieving ocean color products accurately can be challenging particularly in turbid coastal waters due to imperfect atmospheric correction. In this study, we process GOCI data through US Naval Research Lab's Automated Processing System (APS) and the standard GOCI Data Processing System (GDPS) distributed by the Korea Ocean Satellite Center (KOSC), and compare the retrieved ocean color products from the two processing systems. We use corresponding Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) images as the ground truth to assess the performance of the two processing systems. Since these sensors can retrieve Fluorescence Line Height (FLH) which is less sensitive to atmospheric correction and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), we also compare the FLH products from these sensors, in addition to other ocean color products. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of hourly GOCI images to detect and track features such as sediment plumes and algal blooms in the ocean surface.

关键词：颜色;海洋表面;卫星图像地球轨道;大气校正

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This study evaluated the toxicity and duration of 3 residual insecticides against the Old World sand fly, Phlebotomus papatasi, an important vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis, on 2 types of tent material used by the US military in Afghanistan and the Middle East. Vinyl and cotton duck tent surface were treated at maximum labeled rate of lambda-cyhalothrin (Demand CS, Zeneca Inc, Wilmington, DE) bifenthrin (Talstar P. Professional, FMC Corportation, Philadelphia, PA) and permethrin (Insect Repellent, Clothing Application 40, then subsequently stored in indoor, shaded space at room temperature 60-70relative humidity (RH) 22 degree C-25 degree C) and under sunlight and ambient air temperatures outdoors (20-30RH, 29 degree C- 44 degree C) Insecticide susceptible colony flies (F110) obtained from the insectary of US Navy Medical research Unit No. 3, Cairo, Egypt, were exposed to treated tent surfaces for 30 minutes periods twice monthly for up to 5 months, then once monthly thereafter, using the World Health Organization cone assay Lambda-cyhalothrin treated cotton duck tent material stored indoors killed P. papatasi for 8 months, while the complementary sun- exposed cotton duck material killed adult flies for 1 month before the efficacy dropped to less than 80.

关键词：棉花；双翅目；杀虫剂；利什曼病；帐篷；乙烯基塑料

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Values for the dry deposition velocity of airborne particles were estimated with the GENII Version 2.10.1 computer code for the Savannah River site using assumptions about surface roughness parameters and particle size and density. Use of the GENII code is recommended by the U.S. Department of Energy for this purpose. Meteorological conditions evaluated include atmospheric stability classes D, E, and F and wind speeds of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 m/s. Local surface roughness values ranging from 0.03 to 2 meters were evaluated. Particles with mass mean diameters of 1, 5, and 10 microns and densities of 1, 3, 4, and 5 g/cm3 were evaluated. Site specific meteorology was used to predict deposition velocity for Savannah River conditions for a range of distances from 670 to 11,500 meters.

关键词：干沉降；计算机代码；气象数据；参数分析；颗粒

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The goal of this research has been to improve tropical cyclone intensity prediction through a theoretical study of the hurricane inner core (i.e., within 100-km), the role of ocean structure on hurricane intensity, and the incorporation of those results in a simplified intensity prediction system. The intensity prediction system is being tested in an operational framework in the western North Pacific and is being provided to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) for evaluation. The intensity model is based on the statistical- dynamical logistic growth equation model (LGEM), which has generally been the most accurate operational intensity model in the Atlantic basin during the last several hurricane seasons.

关键词：热带气旋;微分方程;强度;数学模型;预测

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This report describes the activities of the NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office for fiscal year (FY) 2011 and 2012 under the NOAA Authorization Act, 15 U.S.C. 1511d. This report fulfills the Congressional requirement in Sec. 307 (b)(7) for a biennial report on the activities of the Office and on the progress made in protecting and restoring the living resources and habitat of the Chesapeake Bay.

关键词：水产资源;栖息地;保护;报告的要求;水资源

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Water treatment products are various products that assist in removing the impurities in water.Various types of water such as seawater, ground water, municipal drinking water, and wastewater can be treated using water treatment products.

关键词：水处理；帮助；去除；水中的杂质

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The motivation for this project was to advance the science of climate change and prediction in the Arctic region. Its primary goals were to (i) develop a state-of-the-art Regional Arctic Climate system Model (RACM) including high-resolution atmosphere, land, ocean, sea ice and land hydrology components and (ii) to perform extended numerical experiments using high performance computers to minimize uncertainties and fundamentally improve current predictions of climate change in the northern polar regions. These goals were realized first through evaluation studies of climate system components via one-way coupling experiments. Simulations were then used to examine the effects of advancements in climate component systems on their representation of main physics, time-mean fields and to understand variability signals at scales over many years. As such this research directly addressed some of the major science objectives of the BER Climate Change Research Division (CCRD) regarding the advancement of long-term climate prediction.

关键词：气候变化；北极地区；预测；大气环流

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Local, one-dimensional (1-D) simulations of the upper-ocean structure observed at the Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOTS) mooring located 100 km north of Oahu are compared with output from the operational Global NCOM ocean forecast system at the location of the mooring. The observations from the mooring indicate that the upper-ocean density structure and mixed-layer depth (MLD) in this area are significantly affected by the extensive eddy field that exists there. Local, 1-D simulations do not account for the modulation of the upper-ocean density structure by the eddies. However, Global NCOM, along with the data assimilation that it uses, provides a reasonably accurate simulation of the eddies and does a fairly good job of accounting for the effect of the eddies on the upper-ocean density structure and MLD. Comparison of atmospheric fields from NOGAPS, which are used by Global NCOM, with observations from the mooring show fairly good agreement, which contributes to the skill shown by Global NCOM in simulating the sea-surface temperature and MLD observed at the mooring.

关键词：海洋模式;空气与水的相互作用;大气;表面混合层

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In this effort was developed a high temperature 1-D solver to reconstruct the Longshot wind tunnel conditions. It supports calorically imperfect, thermally perfect flows in thermal equilibrium or non-equilibrium.

关键词：飞行器；校准；热值；能量转移；嵌入式大气数据系统

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