No abstract available.

关键词：气溶胶;哮喘;决策支持系统;物候;大气模型

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The atmospheric composition inside spacecraft is dynamic due to changes in crew metabolism and payload operations. A portable FTIR gas analyzer was used to monitor the atmospheric composition of four modules (Core lab, Veggie Plant Atrium, Hygiene module, and Xhab loft) within the Deep Space Habitat '(DSH) during the Mission Operations Test (MOT) conducted at the Johnson Space Center. The FTIR was either physically relocated to a new location or the plumbing was changed so that a different location was monitored. An application composed of 20 gases was used and the FTIR was zeroed using N2 gas every time it was relocated. The procedures developed for operating the FTIR were successful as all data was collected and the FTIR worked during the entire MOT mission. Not all the 20 gases in the application sampled were detected and it was possible to measure dynamic VOC concentrations in each DSH location.

关键词：飞船舱内环境；挥发性有机化合物；太空栖息地；太空任务；大气成分

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The overarching, long-term goal of the study was to explore the profound effect of aerosol-water interaction both on radiation propagation in, and the thermodynamic structure of, the marine boundary layer. Specific goals as initially conceived were: 1) compile a climatology of aerosol hygroscopicity for use in the NAAPS and COAMPS models, and, further, to develop a model parameterization of hygroscopicity based on aerosol size and composition for such models, 2) explore the relative impacts of cross-inversion mixing and sub- cloud aerosol on cloud thickness and cloud base height, 3) quantify and parameterize the impact of precipitation scavenging on below cloud radiative transfer and cloud liquid water path. However, in the course of obtaining the measurements and analyzing them, our goals evolved as it became clear both that some particular tasks were infeasible with the resources available and other goals would be of more value to the overall objective of the study. The specific goals, or objectives, pursued in the study are given below. The sampling platform utilized throughout the study has been the CIRPAS Twin Otter research aircraft and the venue is the littoral environment off the California coast, representative of areas with high shipping densities.

关键词：边界层；辐射传输；气溶胶；气候；云

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The Major Constituent Analyzer (MCA) is a mass spectrometer based system that measures the major atmospheric constituents on the International Space Station. In 2011, two MCA ORU 02 analyzer assemblies experienced premature on-orbit failures. These failures were determined to be the result of off-nominal ion source filament performance. Recent product improvements to ORU 02 designed to improve the lifetime of the ion pump also constrained the allowable tuning criteria for the ion source filaments. This presentation describes the filament failures as well as the corrective actions implemented to preclude such failures in the future.

关键词：质谱仪；离子源；大气成分；二氧化碳；氮气

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We present multi-model global datasets of nitrogen and sulfate deposition covering time periods from 1850 to 2100, calculated within the Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ACCMIP). The computed deposition fluxes are compared to surface wet deposition and ice-core measurements. We use a new dataset of wet deposition for 2000-2002 based on critical assessment of the quality of existing regional network data. We show that for present-day (year 2000 ACCMIP time-slice), the ACCMIP results perform similarly to previously published multi-model assessments. For this time slice, we find a multi-model mean deposition of 50 Tg(N) yr1 from nitrogen oxide emissions, 60 Tg(N) yr1 from ammonia emissions, and 83 Tg(S) yr1 from sulfur emissions. The analysis of changes between 1980 and 2000 indicates significant differences between model and measurements over the United States but less so over Europe. This difference points towards misrepresentation of 1980 NH3 emissions over North America. Based on ice-core records, the 1850 deposition fluxes agree well with Greenland ice cores but the change between 1850 and 2000 seems to be overestimated in the Northern Hemisphere for both nitrogen and sulfur species. Using the Representative Concentration Pathways to define the projected climate and atmospheric chemistry related emissions and concentrations, we find large regional nitrogen deposition increases in 2100 in Latin America, Africa and parts of Asia under some of the scenarios considered. Increases in South Asia are especially large, and are seen in all scenarios, with 2100 values more than double 2000 in some scenarios and reaching 1300 mg(N) m2 yr1 averaged over regional to continental scale regions in RCP 2.6 and 8.5, 3050 larger than the values in any region currently (2000). The new ACCMIP deposition dataset provides novel, consistent and evaluated global gridded deposition fields for use in a wide range of climate and ecological studies.

关键词：大气化学；生物质燃烧；气候模型；计算机程序；氮

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A series of tests of the Pultruded Rod Stitched Efficient Unitized Structure (PRSEUS) pressure cube were conducted during third quarter 2011 at NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) in the Combined Loads Test facility (COLTS). This is a report of the analysis of the Acoustic Emission (AE) data collected during those tests. The AE signals of the later tests are consistent with the final failure progression through two of the pressure cube panels. Calibration tests and damage precursor AE indications, from preliminary checkout pressurizations, indicated areas of concern that eventually failed. Hence those tests have potential for vehicle health monitoring.

关键词：大气压力;失效分析;疲劳（材料）;试验设施

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This SAND report summarizes research conducted as a part of a two year Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project to improve our abilities to model algal cultivation. Algae-based biofuels have generated much excitement due to their potentially large oil yield from relatively small land use and without interfering with the food or water supply. Algae mitigate atmospheric CO2 through metabolism. Efficient production of algal biofuels could reduce dependence on foreign oil by providing a domestic renewable energy source. Important factors controlling algal productivity include temperature, nutrient concentrations, salinity, pH, and the light-to-biomass conversion rate. Computational models allow for inexpensive predictions of algae growth kinetics in these non-ideal conditions for various bioreactor sizes and geometries without the need for multiple expensive measurement setups. However, these models need to be calibrated for each algal strain. In this work, we conduct a parametric study of key marine algae strains and apply the findings to a computational model.

关键词：藻类生物质;栽培;燃料;动力学;温度范围

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The culture, subsistence, and welfare of tropical Pacific Island Nation people are all in some way tied to their proximate fishery resources. Many of these fisheries are already under considerable stress and duress due to human practices such as overfishing, pollution and runoff, habitat destruction and degradation, lack of proper management protocols, and coastal and global population pressures. Other human activities such as fossil fuel use, deforestation and changes in land use and consequent emissions of gases and particulates, such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, etc., to the atmosphere are contributing to alteration of the global climate by a general overall warming of the planetary atmosphere. The warming of the overlying atmosphere in turn warms the underlying surface ocean. In addition to the surface ocean warming, there is also the problem of ocean acidification owing to absorption of anthropogenic carbon dioxide by the surface waters of the ocean. This input of atmospheric carbon dioxide into the surface ocean reduces the surface water pH, which is detrimental to calcifying organisms such as those that are integral to coral reefs or the planktonic calcareous coccolithophoridae and foraminifera. Climate change and ocean acidification both have the capacity to impact simultaneously all organism trophic levels and so the possible negative ramifications can and should not be underestimated.

关键词：气候变化；海平面；酸化；污染

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No abstract available.

关键词：气候；湿度；公众健康；大气环流模型；气候模型

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For half a century, CdZnTelCdTe has been investigated for producing radiation detectors. Albeit some success, detector performance and production yield issues remain. Most importantly, the basic science about the factors limiting the detector property and production yield is not understood. The goal of this program is to experimentally and theoretically understand these limiting factors. In addition, techniques will be developed to remove these factors. In this program, 160 CZT crystals have been grown to achieve the program goal. It is discovered that Cd vacancies and Te antisites (Te at Cd sites) are the two major defects that limit the performance of the CZT/CdTe detectors. The introduction of Zn in to the crystals is one way to reduce the density of Te antisites. A process to reduce Cd vacancies has been developed for the growth of CTZ crystals. Zn has been introduced into the crystals to reduce the densities of the Te antisites. Using these approaches, CTZ with Zn contents of 0, 4, 10, 15, and 20have been produced and detectors have been fabricated. The best detectors are produced in CZT grown with 10Zn and 1.5excess Te. The resolution of 57Co 122keV peak is less than 5at room temperature.

关键词：镉锌碲化物;辐射;密度;探测器;电导率;伽玛射线

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