The earth's atmosphere affects the velocity of propagation of microwave signals. This imparts a range error to radar range measurements that assume the typical simplistic model for propagation velocity. This range error is a function of atmospheric constituents, such as water vapor, as well as the geometry of the radar data collection, notably altitude and range. Models are presented for calculating atmospheric effects on radar range measurements, and compared against more elaborate atmospheric models.

关键词：光雷达;范围（距离）;大气扩散模型;地球大气层

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本文分别从2013-2014年中国节能环保产业发展现状、产业市场概况、市场预测等几个方面进行了分析。

关键词：节能环保；产业发展现状；市场概况；市场预测

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本文分别从2013-2014年中国环保市场概况、市场发展预测等几个方面进行了分析。

关键词：中国环保；市场概况；发展预测

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We have transformed a plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, with the bacterial genes for the three subunit proteins of the soluble methane monooxygenase and with two associated genes, the mmoG and the mmoC.

关键词：细菌;甲烷;植物（植物）;基因;温室效应

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overview:1.HyMAS frontend architecture/frequency plan/design 2.Prototype IF processor Design and Mechanical Accommodation 3.Interoperable Remote Component (IRC) and the Scanhead Computer 4.Summary and Next Steps

关键词：微波探测；红外探测器；天线设计；成像技术；微波辐射计

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Global climate change affects the fundamental drivers of the hydrological cycle. Evidence is growing that climate change will have significant ramifications for the nation's freshwater ecosystems, as deviations in atmospheric temperature and precipitation patterns are more frequently recorded across the United States (Bates et al. 2008; Karl et al. 2009). For example, stream temperature is projected to increase in most rivers under climate change scenarios due in part to increases in air temperature, which, in turn, could adversely affect coldwater fish species such as salmon (Brekke et al. 2009). It is critical that watershed management, planning, and regulatory approaches incorporate climate change science and understanding to ensure holistic and accurate analysis. The total maximum daily load (TMDL) program is one of the primary frameworks for the nation to maintain and achieve healthy waterbodies, implemented pursuant to section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act (CWA). More than 40,000 TMDLs have been developed in the United States to determine the maximum pollutant loads allowable that would still permit attainment of water quality standards. However, the majority of these analyses have been conducted using assumptions of a stationary climate under which historical data on flow and temperature can be assumed to be an adequate guide to future conditions (Johnson et al. 2011). Research is needed to illuminate the ways in which climate change considerations could be incorporated into a TMDL, and how climate change might influence restoration plans.

关键词：气候变化；水体污染控制；气温；大气降水

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NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Centers (GES DISC) is the data center assigned to archive and distribute current AIRS, ACOS data and data from the upcoming OCO-2 mission. The GES DISC archives and supports data containing information on CO2 as well as other atmospheric composition, atmospheric dynamics, modeling and precipitation. Along with the data stewardship, an important mission of GES DISC is to facilitate access to and enhance the usability of data as well as to broaden the user base. GES DISC strives to promote the awareness of science content and novelty of the data by working with Science Team members and releasing news articles as appropriate. Analysis of events that are of interest to the general public, and that help in understanding the goals of NASA Earth Observing missions, have been among most popular practices. Users have unrestricted access to a user-friendly search interface, Mirador, that allows temporal, spatial, keyword and event searches, as well as an ontology-driven drill down. Variable subsetting, format conversion, quality screening, and quick browse, are among the services available in Mirador. The majority of the GES DISC data are also accessible through OPeNDAP (Open-source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol) and WMS (Web Map Service). These services add more options for specialized subsetting, format conversion, image viewing and contributing to data interoperability.

关键词：地球观测组织(从太空);大气组成;信息系统;通信网络;二氧化碳

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This project is a collaborative activity between the NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center and the NOAA Hydrometeorology Testbed (HMT) to evaluate a SPoRT Advanced Infrared Sounding Radiometer (AIRS: Aumann et al. 2003) enhanced moisture analysis product. We test the impact of assimilating AIRS temperature and humidity profiles above clouds and in partly cloudy regions, using the three-dimensional variational Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) data assimilation (DA) system (Developmental Testbed Center 2012) to produce a new analysis. Forecasts of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model initialized from the new analysis are compared to control forecasts without the additional AIRS data. We focus on some cases where atmospheric rivers caused heavy precipitation on the US West Coast. We verify the forecasts by comparison with dropsondes and the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) Blended Total Precipitable Water product.

关键词：大气温度；水文；气象预报；红外辐射计；热力学

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Vehicles moving on unpaved surfaces can be significant sources of fugitive dust emissions. The performance of vehicle operational characteristics as well as evaluating vehicle dust mitigation components including filters, radiators, seals, and windshields require models for the behavior and transport of emitted fugitive dust. Much of the work on modeling fugitive dust emissions from vehicles have focused on large scale atmospheric transport for environmental quality purposes. In this study, however, we present a dust emission and transport model suitable for modeling near-field effects of fugitive dust emissions. The presented model is validated numerically for the prediction of dust plumes in a region near vehicles through a careful comparison to the available experimental data. This model provides, for the first time, a validated dust emission and transport models suitable for the near field of moving vehicles. The weakness of the current near-field dust emission and transport technology is also discussed.

关键词：灰尘;排放;计算流体动力学;近场;数值分析;羽状

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The culture, subsistence, and welfare of tropical and subtropical Pacific Island Nation people are all in some way tied to the interactions between the land and the adjacent and surrounding coastal waters. Land use plays an important role in the relative chemical species distribution and concentrations of particulate and dissolved nutrients that reach coastal waters by riverine, groundwater, and atmosphere. Some key human activities on land that affect coastal waters through land-sea connections and interactions are: (1) the application of nitrogenous and phosphorus-bearing fertilizers and biocides to the landscape and subsequent leaching of significant proportions of these materials into water courses, (2) the release of sewage into aquatic systems, including directly into coastal ocean waters, (3) the diversion of water flows through channelized structures and dams resulting in changes in retention times of water, nutrients and sediments and also in riparian communities on land and hence changes in water, nutrient and suspended sediment fluxes to the coastal ocean, (4) deforestation and/or conversion of land type from, for example, agricultural use to urban housing, (5) the fallout of nitrogen from the atmosphere derived from combustion sources on land and its ultimate transport into aquatic systems, (6) CO2 emissions from fossil fuel and land-use activities (e.g., deforestation) and absorption of some of this CO2 by coastal and open ocean waters, and (7) atmospheric nitrogen emissions from combustion sources on land that ultimately fall directly on the ocean surface, and especially that of the coastal ocean.

关键词：相互作用；土地；海洋；海岸影响；水系统

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