关键词：无线通讯；贝叶斯过滤器；物联网技术；环境监测

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Real-time chemical vapor detection and analysis have broad applications in environmental monitoring, homeland security, military surveillance, and biomedical diagnosis. As an emerging new sensing technology, optical micro-ring resonator has unique advantages in developing low-cost and portable vapor sensors. This chapter introduces ring resonator vapor sensing principles, describes representative micro-ring resonator vapor sensor designs and performances, and then focuses on one special micro-ring resonator design—the optofiuidic ring resonator (OFRR), which inherently integrates the ring resonator vapor sensor and gas fluidics. The OFRR sensor has fast response to a wide spectrum of vapor analytes, with a detection limit of around 100pg. Moreover, the OFRR is a versatile sensing platform that can be integrated with micro-gas chromatography (μGC) for rapid and in situ identification of organic chemical compounds (VOCs) in complex interfering vapor mixtures. Combination with a μGC system greatly enhances the vapor detection specificity, which is one of the major limitations in optical vapor sensors. Applications of the OFRR-μGC in detection of explosives and rapid tandem-column separation of VOCs are also presented. Future research/development directions in the ring resonator vapor sensor are discussed in the end.

关键词：化学气相检测；生物医学；环境监测；环形谐振器

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The US Department of Energy (DOE) is responsible for risk reduction and cleanup of its nuclear weapons complex. DOE maintains the largest cleanup program in the world, currently spanning over a million acres in 13 states. The inventory of contaminated materials includes 90 million gallons of radioactive waste, 6.4 trillion liters of groundwater, and 40 million cubic meters of soil and debris. It is not feasible to completely restore many sites to predisposal conditions. Any contamination left in place will require monitoring, engineering controls and/or land use restrictions to protect human health and environment. Research and development efforts to date have focused on improving characterization and remediation. Yet, monitoring will result in the largest life-cycle costs and will be critical to improving performance and protection. Through an inter-disciplinary effort, DOE is addressing a need to advance monitoring approaches from sole reliance on cost- and labor-intensive point-source monitoring to integrated systems-based approaches such as flux-based approaches and the use of early indicator parameters. Key objectives include identifying current scientific, technical and implementation opportunities and challenges, prioritizing science and technology strategies to meet current needs within the DOE complex for the most challenging environments, and developing an integrated and risk-informed monitoring framework.

关键词：环境评估；监控；清洁；污染

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In conclusion, in this chapter, we have reviewed the development of high-performance fiber nanosensors for environmental monitoring applications, realized by the combination of advanced nanostructured coatings based on SWCNTs with the optical fiber technology.In particular, the chapter starts with a wide review of the state of the art of carbon nanotube-based sensors for environmental monitoring, followed by a description of the operating principle of the fiberoptic nanosensors in the FP-type reflectometric configuration. The attention is then focused on the methods so far proposed for the integration of such nanostructured materials with the optical fibers and in particular on the LB deposition, which is the technique we adopted for the fiber-optic nanosensors fabrication.

关键词：纳米传感器；环境监测；碳纳米管；光纤

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Middle-infrared (mid-IR) laser sources are in great demand for a variety of applications including molecular spectroscopy, non-invasive medical diagnostics, laser medical scalpel that make use of the ability of the laser to tune in and out of the strong absorption band of liquid water, industrial process control, environmental monitoring, atmospheric sensing and free space communication, oil prospecting, and numerous defense related applications such as infrared aircraft countermeasures, monitoring of munitions disposal, stand-off detection of explosion hazards, eye safe seekers for smart munitions and cruise missiles, covert communications systems, and injection seeding of high power chemical (e.g. HF) lasers.

关键词：激光；吸收；晶体；能量转移；环境监测

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No abstract available.

关键词：环境监测；取样；生物测定；微生物

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Because the International Space Station is a closed environment with rotations of astronauts and equipment that each introduce their own microbial flora, it is necessary to monitor the air, surfaces, and water for microbial contamination. Current microbial monitoring includes labor- and time-intensive methods to enumerate total bacterial and fungal cells, with limited characterization, during in-flight testing. Although this culture-based method is sufficient for monitoring the International Space Station, on future long-duration missions more detailed characterization will need to be performed during flight, as sample return and ground characterization may not be available. At a workshop held in 2011 at NASA's Johnson Space Center to discuss alternative methodologies and technologies suitable for microbial monitoring for these long-term exploration missions, molecular-based methodologies such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were recommended. In response, a multi-center (Marshall Space Flight Center, Johnson Space Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Kennedy Space Center) collaborative research effort was initiated to explore novel commercial-off-the-shelf hardware options for space flight environmental monitoring. The goal was to evaluate quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR approaches for low-cost in-flight rapid identification of microorganisms that could affect crew safety. The initial phase of this project identified commercially available platforms that could be minimally modified to perform nominally in microgravity. This phase was followed by proof-of-concept testing of the highest qualifying candidates with a universally available challenge organism, Salmonella enterica. The analysis identified two technologies that were able to perform sample-to-answer testing with initial cell sample concentrations between 50 and 400 cells.

关键词：封闭的生态系统；环境监测；持续时间长太空飞行；微生物；病原体

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Colourimetric sensors and indicators are widely used because of their low cost and simplicity. A significant challenge associated with the design of this type of device is that the sensing mechanism must be simultaneously optimised for the sensitivity of the response and a visually perceptible colour change. Structural colour, derived from coherent scattering rather than molecular absorption, is a promising route to colourimetric sensor design because colour shifts are tied to changes in one of many physical properties of a material, rather than a specific chemical process. This Feature Article presents an overview of the development of low-cost sensors and indicators that exploit structural colour. Building upon recent advances in structurally adaptive materials design, structural colour sensors have been developed for a wide variety of previously inaccessible physical (e.g. temperature, strain, electric fields) and chemical stimuli (e.g. small organic molecules, charged species, biomacromolecules and metabolites). These devices, often exceeding the state of the art in performance, simplicity or both, have bright prospects for market impact in areas such as environmental monitoring, workplace hazard identification, threat detection, and point-of-care diagnostics. Finding the ideal balance between performance (e.g. sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, etc.) and simplicity (e.g. colourimetric vs. spectroscopic readout) will be one of the most critical elements in the further development of structural colour sensors. This balance should be driven largely by the market demands and competing technologies.

关键词：比色分析法；比色法；探测器；色度传感器；环境监测

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6月，国家财政支出数据继续大幅反弹，同时，环保行业投资增速小幅反弹，其中废弃资源综合利用业投资完成额同比出现大幅反弹；水利、环境和公共设施管理业投资增速虽有下降，但仍保持较好增速。产品产量方面，环保专用设备产量保持较快增长，环境监测仪器仪表产量回归正增长，数据有较大改观，未来仍有望继续保持。预计下半年国家环保支出将会反弹，维持往年的国家环保支出预算占比。

关键词：环保；废弃资源综合利用；环保专用设备

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The Southwest CO2 Training Center was initiated in November 2009 in response to the need to develop a generation of workers with expertise in carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). Three universities ran the Training Center cooperatively: New Mexico Tech, the University of Utah and Texas A&M University. The overall approach of the Training Center was to conduct education and outreach at a wide range of educational levels, including K-12 students and teachers, undergraduate and graduate students, professionals, and the general public. Key activities included: (1) Outreach targeted development of a video game (Carbon Bond) for middle-school students. (2) A summer program for high-school students. (3) Training for K-12 educators in Utah with a program by the Keystone center on the Climate Status and two offerings of a Masters of Science Teaching class at New Mexico Tech (NMT) on Climate and Carbon Sequestration. (3) Development and approval of an undergraduate curriculum for a concentration in CCUS for geology majors offered at the Earth and Environmental Science Department at NMT. This included a new course in Carbon Sequestration Science and a field course in Reservoir and Caprock Geology. (4) A new graduate-level course in CCUS was developed and offered via distance education to students at the University of Utah (U of U), NMT and the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). (5) Professional training via a reservoir modeling class, opening up the university courses to professionals, and conducting three webinars on outreach and public perception in CCUS.

关键词：空气污染；空气污染控制；二氧化碳

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