The goal of this research has been to improve tropical cyclone intensity prediction through a theoretical study of the hurricane inner core (i.e., within 100-km), the role of ocean structure on hurricane intensity, and the incorporation of those results in a simplified intensity prediction system. The intensity prediction system is being tested in an operational framework in the western North Pacific and is being provided to the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) for evaluation. The intensity model is based on the statistical- dynamical logistic growth equation model (LGEM), which has generally been the most accurate operational intensity model in the Atlantic basin during the last several hurricane seasons.

关键词：热带气旋;微分方程;强度;数学模型;预测

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This report describes the activities of the NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office for fiscal year (FY) 2011 and 2012 under the NOAA Authorization Act, 15 U.S.C. 1511d. This report fulfills the Congressional requirement in Sec. 307 (b)(7) for a biennial report on the activities of the Office and on the progress made in protecting and restoring the living resources and habitat of the Chesapeake Bay.

关键词：水产资源;栖息地;保护;报告的要求;水资源

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Water treatment products are various products that assist in removing the impurities in water.Various types of water such as seawater, ground water, municipal drinking water, and wastewater can be treated using water treatment products.

关键词：水处理；帮助；去除；水中的杂质

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The motivation for this project was to advance the science of climate change and prediction in the Arctic region. Its primary goals were to (i) develop a state-of-the-art Regional Arctic Climate system Model (RACM) including high-resolution atmosphere, land, ocean, sea ice and land hydrology components and (ii) to perform extended numerical experiments using high performance computers to minimize uncertainties and fundamentally improve current predictions of climate change in the northern polar regions. These goals were realized first through evaluation studies of climate system components via one-way coupling experiments. Simulations were then used to examine the effects of advancements in climate component systems on their representation of main physics, time-mean fields and to understand variability signals at scales over many years. As such this research directly addressed some of the major science objectives of the BER Climate Change Research Division (CCRD) regarding the advancement of long-term climate prediction.

关键词：气候变化；北极地区；预测；大气环流

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Local, one-dimensional (1-D) simulations of the upper-ocean structure observed at the Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOTS) mooring located 100 km north of Oahu are compared with output from the operational Global NCOM ocean forecast system at the location of the mooring. The observations from the mooring indicate that the upper-ocean density structure and mixed-layer depth (MLD) in this area are significantly affected by the extensive eddy field that exists there. Local, 1-D simulations do not account for the modulation of the upper-ocean density structure by the eddies. However, Global NCOM, along with the data assimilation that it uses, provides a reasonably accurate simulation of the eddies and does a fairly good job of accounting for the effect of the eddies on the upper-ocean density structure and MLD. Comparison of atmospheric fields from NOGAPS, which are used by Global NCOM, with observations from the mooring show fairly good agreement, which contributes to the skill shown by Global NCOM in simulating the sea-surface temperature and MLD observed at the mooring.

关键词：海洋模式;空气与水的相互作用;大气;表面混合层

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In this effort was developed a high temperature 1-D solver to reconstruct the Longshot wind tunnel conditions. It supports calorically imperfect, thermally perfect flows in thermal equilibrium or non-equilibrium.

关键词：飞行器；校准；热值；能量转移；嵌入式大气数据系统

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Environmental quality and climate change are major challenges facing our nation and the worldwith current and potential impacts in the near and distant future. Fundamental understanding of atmospheric processes and coupling between the atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere are needed to understand and predict the interactions between climate and environmental processes and energy production practices. This is critical for providing policy makers with accurate information needed to develop cost-effective strategies to monitor, control, mitigate, and adapt to a changing climate. Reducing uncertainties in key components necessary to understand the Earth's complex climate and environmental systems is an important scientific objective, as discussed in National Research Council and National Science Foundation reports and embraced by the Climate and Environmental Sciences Division (CESD) within the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research (DOE-BER). The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a DOE scientific user facility located in Richland, Washington, encourages and enables molecular-level research that leads to discovery and innovation which enhances the quality of life, now and for generations to come. Because of the growing recognition of atmospheric aerosol chemistry impacts on climate change, regional pollution, and weather patterns, EMSL conducted a Science Theme Advisory Panel (STAP) workshop focused on atmospheric aerosol chemistry. Thirty-eight scientists from 11 institutions participated in the workshop held on January 30, 2013. Workshop participants were asked to evaluate areas where understanding the chemical details and time evolution of aerosol formation and development, as well as their chemical and physical properties, could have the largest impact on the development of reliable process-level understanding of regional and global atmospheric climate models.

关键词：大气化学；气溶胶；气候变化；空气质量；空气污染

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This report presents a set of functions, written in C++, that can be used to calculate atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure, air density, and speed of sound), as well as gravitational-field strength. The functions are based on the atmospheric model presented in U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration. U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976; NASA-TM-X-74335; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, October 1976).

关键词：大气模型；密度；比重；压力；声音；温度；空气密度

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In a previous paper Judt and Chen propose that secondary eyewall formation can be the result of the accumulation of convectively generated potential vorticity in the rainbands. They argue that secondary potential vorticity maxima precede the development of the secondary wind maximum and conclude that vortex Rossby waves do not contribute to the formation of the secondary eyewall. Amidst examination of their thought-provoking study, some questions arose regarding their methodology, interpretation, and portrayal of previous literature. Here the authors inquire about aspects of the methodology for diagnosing vortex Rossby waves and assessing their impact on their simulation. Inaccuracies in the literature review are noted and further analysis of existing, three-dimensional, full-physics, numerical hurricane integrations that exhibit canonical secondary eyewalls are encouraged.

关键词：对流（大气）；飓风；雨；风；涡；雨带

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关键词：电;计算机模型;错误;预测;测量;大气

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