关键词：无线通讯；贝叶斯过滤器；物联网技术；环境监测

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Planning initiatives in many regions and communities aim to reduce transportation energy use, decrease emissions, and achieve related environmental benefits by changing land use. This report reviews and summarizes findings from existing literature on the relationship between the built environment and transportation energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, identifying results trends as well as potential future actions. The indirect influence of federal transportation and housing policies, as well as the direct impact of municipal regulation on land use are examined for their effect on transportation patterns and energy use. Special attention is given to the 'four D' factors of density, diversity, design and accessibility. The report concludes that policy-driven changes to the built environment could reduce transportation energy and GHG emissions from less than 1to as much as 10by 2050, the equivalent of 16-18of present-day urban light-duty-vehicle travel. This is one of a series of reports produced as a result of the Transportation Energy Futures (TEF) project, a Department of Energy-sponsored multi-agency project initiated to pinpoint underexplored strategies for abating GHGs and reducing petroleum dependence related to transportation.

关键词：空气污染；温室气体；能源；环境影响

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关键词：环境监测；自然资源管理；栖息地

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A wide spectrum of marine and hydrokinetic technologies are being developed by industry, universities, and national laboratories in the United States and around the globe. Experience gained in the development of renewable energy, aerospace, and automotive technologies shows that sharing and disseminating technical expertise accelerates the pace of technology development and rapidly progresses the industry towards commercial viability. For this exact purpose, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory organized the Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology (MHK) Instrumentation, Measurement, and Computer Modeling Workshop to bring together technical experts from industry, national laboratories, and academia. The workshop goals were to disseminate technical information regarding environmental monitoring, instrumentation and measurements, and computer modeling to the marine energy community, and to collect information to help identify ways to accelerate the development of a commercially viable marine energy industry.

关键词：海洋流体动力电源；水动力装置；建模；环境监测

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Real-time cyber-physical systems and information processing clusters require system designers to consider the total latency involved in collecting and aggregating data. For example, applications such as wild-fire monitoring require data to be presented to users in a timely manner. However, most models and algorithms for sensor networks have focused on alternative metrics such as energy efficiency. In this paper, we present a new model of sensor network aggregation that focuses on total latency. Our model is flexible and enables users to configure varying transmission and computation time on a node-by-node basis, and thus enables the simulation of complex computational phenomena. In addition, we present results from three tasking algorithms that trade-off local communication for overall latency performance. These algorithms are evaluated in simulated networks of up to 200 nodes.

关键词：环境监测；计量；数据处理；传感器；模拟

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In August 2011, the NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS) conducted an assessment of the status of ecological condition of soft-bottom habitat and overlying waters of the continental shelf in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The original sampling design included 50 randomly selected sites from the Mississippi River delta to the U.S./Mexican border, representing a total area of 111,162 km2; however, vessel failures and inclement weather precluded sampling at 16 sites in the western-most part of the study region. Sampling was completed at the remaining 34 sites in offshore waters between the Mississippi River delta and Freeport, Texas, representing an estimated 75,591 km2. Field sampling followed standard methods and indicators applied in prior NOAA coastal studies and EPAs Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) and National Coastal Assessment (NCA). A key feature adopted from these studies was the incorporation of a random probabilistic sampling design. Such a design provides a basis for making unbiased statistical estimates of the spatial extent of ecological condition relative to various measured indicators and corresponding thresholds of concern. Indicators included multiple measures of water quality, sediment quality, and biological condition (benthic fauna, fish tissue contaminant levels).

关键词：生态；海洋；墨西哥湾；环境监测

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Human's living and working in the harsh environment of space present many challenges for habitability engineers and microbiologists. Spacecraft must provide an internal environment in which physical (gas composition, pressure, temperature, and humidity), chemical, and biological environmental parameters are maintained at safe levels. Microorganisms are ubiquitous and will accompany all human-occupied spacecraft, but if biological contamination were to reach unacceptable levels, long-term human space flight would be impossible. Prevention of microbiological problems, therefore, must have a high priority. Historically, prevention of infectious disease in the crew has been the highest priority, but experience gained from the NASA-Mir program showed that microbial contamination of vehicle and life-support systems, such as biofouling of water and food, are of equal importance. The major sources of microbiological risk factors for astronauts include food, drinking water, air, surfaces, payloads, research animals, crew members, and personnel in close contact with the astronauts. In our efforts to eliminate or mitigate the negative effects of microorganisms in spacecraft, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) implemented comprehensive microbial analyses of the major risk factors. This included the establishment of acceptability requirements for food, water, air, surfaces, and crew members. A robust monitoring program was then implemented to verify that the risks were within acceptable limits. Prevention of microbiological problems is preferred over mitigation of problems during flight, and preventive steps must begin very early in the design phase. Spacecraft development must include requirements to control free water from humidity, condensate, hygiene activities, and other releases. If water is available, microbes are likely to grow because sufficient nutrients are potentially available. Materials selected for the spacecraft must not promote or support microbial growth. Air filtration can dramatically reduce the number of airborne bacteria, fungi, and particulates in spacecraft breathing air. Waterborne bacteria can be reduced to acceptable levels by thermal inactivation of bacteria during water processing, along with a residual biocide, and filtration at the point of use can ensure safety. System design must include onboard capability to achieve recovery of the system from contamination. Robust housekeeping procedures that include periodic cleaning and disinfection will prevent high levels of microbial growth on surfaces. Food for consumption in space must be thoroughly tested for excessive microbial content and pathogens before launch. Thorough preflight examination of flight crews, consumables, payloads, and the environment can greatly reduce pathogens in spacecraft. Many of the lessons learned from the Space Shuttle and previous programs were applied in the early design phase of the International Space Station, resulting in the safest space habitat to date. This presentation describes the monitoring program for the International Space Station and will summarize results from preflight and on-orbit monitoring.

关键词：微生物学；传染病；航天器环境；环境监测；生态系统

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In 2012, the Rocky Mountain Bird Observatory (RMBO), in cooperation with the National Park Service, completed its eighth year of a habitat-based landbird monitoring program in the Northern Colorado Plateau Inventory and Monitoring Network. This program is de- signed to provide rigorous population trend data for most diurnal, regularly occurring breed- ing landbird species throughout parks of the Northern Colorado Plateau Network (NCPN). This population information is useful for land managers and supports the National Park Services goal of long-term monitoring of biological indicators for network parks. The pro- gram is also consistent with goals emphasized by the U.S. North American Bird Conservation Initiative Monitoring Subcommittee (2007).

关键词：环境监测；自然资源管理；栖息地；采样；繁殖

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This report and the work described were sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Vehicle Technologies Office. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support and direction of Kevin Stork and Steve Przesmitzki at DOE. This work has also benefited from input and direction from members of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers and the Coordinating Research Council. The authors are also indebted to the personnel of the Southwest Research Institute, and Transportation Research Center, in particular Marty Heimrich, Brent Shoffner, Karrie Honchell, and Walt Dudek, for their efforts in data collection during the DOE Intermediate Ethanol Blends Program.

关键词：空气污染；空气污染控制；乙醇燃料；燃油经济

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The Underground Test Area (UGTA) activity is responsible for assessing and evaluating the effects of the underground nuclear weapons tests on groundwater at the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS), formerly the Nevada Test Site (NTS), and implementing a corrective action closure strategy. The UGTA strategy is based on a combination of characterization, modeling studies, monitoring, and institutional controls (i.e., monitored natural attenuation). The closure strategy verifies through appropriate monitoring activities that contaminants of concern do not exceed the SDWA at the regulatory boundary and that adequate institutional controls are established and administered to ensure protection of the public. Other programs conducted at the NNSS supporting the environmental mission include the Routine Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (RREMP), Waste Management, and the Infrastructure Program. Given the current programmatic and operational demands for various water-monitoring activities at the same locations, and the ever-increasing resource challenges, cooperative and collaborative approaches to conducting the work are necessary. For this reason, an integrated sampling plan is being developed by the UGTA activity to define sampling and analysis objectives, reduce duplication, eliminate unnecessary activities, and minimize costs. The sampling plan will ensure the right data sets are developed to support closure and efficient transition to long-term monitoring.

关键词：水污染监测；放射性废物管理；污染；地下水

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