A small easily deployable buoy, Marine-Air-Sea-Flux System (MASFlux), has been developed by the Meteorology Department of the Naval Postgraduate School. This system measures turbulence perturbations, mean wind and thermodynamic profiles, surface wave, and upper ocean temperature simultaneously. This research focuses on testing, documenting, and evaluating the MASFlux performance. The buoy system was tested in the Monterey Bay since August 2012 using small vessels, with the first three deployments focusing on sensor and buoy performance improvements. Concurrent measurements of wave and turbulence fluxes in the lower part of the atmospheric boundary layer during the last three deployments were not subject to apparent sensor errors or excessive mast rotations. Data from these deployments are analyzed here. The two-dimensional wave measurements were compared with those from the Datawell DWR-G4 wave buoys and showed consistent results in all deployments. Turbulent spectra analyses for data before and after buoy motion correction demonstrate the effectiveness in motion correction for the MASFlux. The spectra revealed a significant amount of energy in the atmospheric turbulence at frequencies of the dominant swell. The mean vertical wind profiles also indicated the effects of swell. These initial measurements and results point to great potential for the MASFlux for future air-sea-wave study.

关键词：空气与水的相互作用;浮标;部署;热通量;气象

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Simulation of surface wind and upper-ocean variability associated with the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) by a regional coupled model, the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System (COAMPS), is evaluated by the comparison with in situ and satellite observations. COAMPS is configured for the tropical Indian Ocean domain with the horizontal resolution of 27 km for the atmospheric component and 1/8 deg for the ocean component. A high-resolution nested grid (9 km) for the atmospheric component is used for the central Indian Ocean. While observational data are assimilated into the atmospheric component, no data are assimilated into the ocean component. The model was integrated during 1 March-30 April 2009 when an active episode of large-scale convection associated with the MJO passed eastward across the Indian Ocean. During this MJO event, strong surface westerly winds (approximately 8 ms-1) were observed in the central equatorial Indian Ocean, and they generated a strong eastward jet (approximately 1 ms -1) on the equator. COAMPS can realistically simulate these surface wind and upper-ocean variations. The sensitivity of upper-ocean variability to the atmospheric model resolution is examined by the COAMPS experiment without the high-resolution nested grid. The equatorial jet generated in this experiment is about 20weaker than that in the first experiment, which significantly influences upper-ocean salinity and temperature. The large diurnal warming of SST during the suppressed phase of the MJO is also adequately simulated by the model. Weak winds during this period are mostly responsible for the large SST diurnal variation based on the comparison with the spatial variation of surface forcing fields.

关键词：荡;季节变化，热带地区;人工卫星;大气模式

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Neutral density shows complicated temporal and spatial variations driven by external forcing of the thermosphere/ionosphere system, internal dynamics, and thermosphere and ionosphere coupling. Temporal variations include abrupt changes with a time scale of minutes to hours, diurnal variation, multi-day variation, solar-rotational variation, annual/semiannual variation, solar-cycle variation, and long-term trends with a time scale of decades. Spatial variations include latitudinal and longitudinal variations, as well as variation with altitude. Atmospheric drag on satellites varies strongly as a function of thermospheric mass density. Errors in estimating density cause orbit prediction error, and impact satellite operations including accurate catalog maintenance, collision avoidance for manned and unmanned space flight, and re-entry prediction. In this paper, we summarize and discuss these density variations, their magnitudes, and their forcing mechanisms, using neutral density data sets and modeling results. The neutral density data sets include neutral density observed by the accelerometers onboard the Challenging Mini-satellite Payload (CHAMP), neutral density at satellite perigees, and global-mean neutral density derived from thousands of orbiting objects. Modeling results are from the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) thermosphere-ionosphere-electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE-GCM), and from the NRLMSISE-00 empirical model.

关键词：层中性密度；密度变化;卫星的阻力;密度数据

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To reduce the influence of atmospheric turbulence on images of space- based objects we are developing a maximum a posteriori deconvolution approach. In contrast to techniques found in the literature, we are focusing on the statistics of the point-spread function (PSF) instead of the object. We incorporated statistical information about the PSF into multi-frame blind deconvolution. Theoretical constraints on the average PSF shape come from the work of D. L. Fried while for the univariate speckle statistics we rely on the gamma distribution adopted from radar/laser speckle studies of J. W. Goodman. Our aim is to develop deconvolution strategy which is reference-less, i.e., no calibration PSF is required, extendable to longer exposures, and applicable to imaging with adaptive optics. The theory and resulting deconvolution framework were validated using simulations and real data from the 3.5m telescope at the Starfire Optical Range (SOR) in New Mexico.

关键词：大气运动；空间监视；大气湍流；Gamma分布

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Glacierized change in the Himalayas affects river-discharge, hydro-energy and agricultural production, and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood potential, but its quantification and extent of impacts remains highly uncertain. Here we present conservative, comprehensive and quantitative predictions for glacier area and meltwater flux changes in Bhutan, monsoonal Himalayas. In particular, we quantify the uncertainties associated with the glacier area and meltwater flux changes due to uncertainty in climate data, a critical problem for much of High Asia. Based on a suite of gridded climate data and a robust glacier melt model, our results show that glacier area and meltwater change projections can vary by an order of magnitude for different climate datasets. However, the most conservative results indicate that, even if climate were to remain at the present-day mean values, almost 10of Bhutan s glacierized area would vanish and the meltwater flux would drop by as much as 30. Under the conservative scenario of an additional 1 C regional warming, glacier retreat is going to continue until about 25of Bhutan s glacierized area will have disappeared and the annual meltwater flux, after an initial spike, would drop by as much as 65.

关键词：冰川；气候；预测；洪水；大气加热

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We discuss two approaches for tackling algebraic systems, one is based on block preconditioning and the other is based on multifrontal and hierarchical matrix methods. First we consider a new preconditioner framework for supporting implicit time integration.

关键词：大气环流;计算机代码;分解;天气预报

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Clear-air Doppler radars, also known as clear-air radar windprofilers, have been used for decades to remotely monitor wind velocities in the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. The traditional assumption is that the Doppler velocity (the first normalized moment of the Doppler spectrum) is an unbiased measure of the radial wind velocity within the radar's observation volume. Here we show that 'intermittency fluxes,' i.e., covariances of the turbulently fluctuating clear-air radar reflectivity and the turbulently fluctuating radial wind velocity, lead to systematic differences between the Doppler velocity and the (true) radial wind velocity. We use turbulent fields computationally generated by means of a large- eddy simulation to quantify this effect. We show that these biases may amount to several tens of centimeters per second in the atmospheric boundary layer, which is consistent with the biases observed with vertically pointing boundary-layer radar windprofilers.

关键词：风速；无线电波；大气运动；边界层；布拉格散射；

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The objective of the project was to improve the thermospheric mass density specification by synthesizing a host of global observations of the thermosphere and ionosphere with a general circulation model and by characterizing the density variability associated with various external forcing. We have assimilated the neutral mass density data sampled from the Air Force (AF) High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM) into the NCAR- Thermosphere-Ionosphere- Electrodynamics General Circulation Model using an ensemble Kalman filter assimilation procedure, and adjusted both neutral temperature and major composition mass mixing ratio globally. Global HASDM data appear to be more effective to reduce errors in the global mass density than in- situ observations obtained along satellite orbits in terms of the global neutral density specification. Among all sources of external forcing, the electromagnetic forcing in high-latitudes resulting from the solar-wind- magnetosphere interactions has the most significant impact on the mass density variability. We showed evidence that solar wind density enhancements and pressure pulses can cause intense low-energy particle precipitation and associated damping of thermospheric density response due to enhanced production of nitric oxide - an active infrared cooling agent. Ground-based indices as used by AF Space Command fail to capture these interactions in forecasting algorithms.

关键词：大气密度;数据压缩;热层;算法;电磁干扰

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Each major war tends to have a signature injury , with traumatic brain injury (TBI) associated with the Iraq war (Operation Iraqi Freedom II and Operation Enduring Freedom) due to the high incidence of personnel injured by IED (improvised explosive devices). Our previous study in a rat model showed that Mechanical Tissue Resuscitation (MTR the controlled application of vacuum) to the cerebral cortex following a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury reduces brain edema and the extent of injury, modulates metabolites in injured neuronal tissues, preserves neuronal tissue, and improves functional recovery. The large gyrencephalic brain of swine is similar to humans, thus a swine model of CCI injury and MTR treatment was evaluated for future human clinical applications. Year 1 goals were to determine the level of vacuum which resulted in the most efficacious result. Year 2 goals were to determine the length of time that the 100 mm Hg of applied sub-atmospheric pressure (determined in Year 1) was necessary to prevent late cell injury and death and late increase in intracranial pressure. Year 3 goals were to determine the length of delay between creation of the injury and application of the localized vacuum to the site of injury to prevent or minimize the size and progression of the injury.

关键词：低于大气压压力处理；伤性脑损伤；创伤和损伤；大脑皮质

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本文分别从2013-2014年中国节能环保产业投融资并购市场概况、市场特点、产业价值链、产业投资等几个方面进行了分析。

关键词：节能环保；投融资并购；市场概况；特点；产业价值链；投资分析

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