overview:1.HyMAS frontend architecture/frequency plan/design 2.Prototype IF processor Design and Mechanical Accommodation 3.Interoperable Remote Component (IRC) and the Scanhead Computer 4.Summary and Next Steps

关键词：微波探测；红外探测器；天线设计；成像技术；微波辐射计

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Global climate change affects the fundamental drivers of the hydrological cycle. Evidence is growing that climate change will have significant ramifications for the nation's freshwater ecosystems, as deviations in atmospheric temperature and precipitation patterns are more frequently recorded across the United States (Bates et al. 2008; Karl et al. 2009). For example, stream temperature is projected to increase in most rivers under climate change scenarios due in part to increases in air temperature, which, in turn, could adversely affect coldwater fish species such as salmon (Brekke et al. 2009). It is critical that watershed management, planning, and regulatory approaches incorporate climate change science and understanding to ensure holistic and accurate analysis. The total maximum daily load (TMDL) program is one of the primary frameworks for the nation to maintain and achieve healthy waterbodies, implemented pursuant to section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act (CWA). More than 40,000 TMDLs have been developed in the United States to determine the maximum pollutant loads allowable that would still permit attainment of water quality standards. However, the majority of these analyses have been conducted using assumptions of a stationary climate under which historical data on flow and temperature can be assumed to be an adequate guide to future conditions (Johnson et al. 2011). Research is needed to illuminate the ways in which climate change considerations could be incorporated into a TMDL, and how climate change might influence restoration plans.

关键词：气候变化；水体污染控制；气温；大气降水

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NASA Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Centers (GES DISC) is the data center assigned to archive and distribute current AIRS, ACOS data and data from the upcoming OCO-2 mission. The GES DISC archives and supports data containing information on CO2 as well as other atmospheric composition, atmospheric dynamics, modeling and precipitation. Along with the data stewardship, an important mission of GES DISC is to facilitate access to and enhance the usability of data as well as to broaden the user base. GES DISC strives to promote the awareness of science content and novelty of the data by working with Science Team members and releasing news articles as appropriate. Analysis of events that are of interest to the general public, and that help in understanding the goals of NASA Earth Observing missions, have been among most popular practices. Users have unrestricted access to a user-friendly search interface, Mirador, that allows temporal, spatial, keyword and event searches, as well as an ontology-driven drill down. Variable subsetting, format conversion, quality screening, and quick browse, are among the services available in Mirador. The majority of the GES DISC data are also accessible through OPeNDAP (Open-source Project for a Network Data Access Protocol) and WMS (Web Map Service). These services add more options for specialized subsetting, format conversion, image viewing and contributing to data interoperability.

关键词：地球观测组织(从太空);大气组成;信息系统;通信网络;二氧化碳

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This project is a collaborative activity between the NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition (SPoRT) Center and the NOAA Hydrometeorology Testbed (HMT) to evaluate a SPoRT Advanced Infrared Sounding Radiometer (AIRS: Aumann et al. 2003) enhanced moisture analysis product. We test the impact of assimilating AIRS temperature and humidity profiles above clouds and in partly cloudy regions, using the three-dimensional variational Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) data assimilation (DA) system (Developmental Testbed Center 2012) to produce a new analysis. Forecasts of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model initialized from the new analysis are compared to control forecasts without the additional AIRS data. We focus on some cases where atmospheric rivers caused heavy precipitation on the US West Coast. We verify the forecasts by comparison with dropsondes and the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA) Blended Total Precipitable Water product.

关键词：大气温度；水文；气象预报；红外辐射计；热力学

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No abstract available.

关键词：气溶胶;哮喘;决策支持系统;物候;大气模型

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The culture, subsistence, and welfare of tropical and subtropical Pacific Island Nation people are all in some way tied to the interactions between the land and the adjacent and surrounding coastal waters. Land use plays an important role in the relative chemical species distribution and concentrations of particulate and dissolved nutrients that reach coastal waters by riverine, groundwater, and atmosphere. Some key human activities on land that affect coastal waters through land-sea connections and interactions are: (1) the application of nitrogenous and phosphorus-bearing fertilizers and biocides to the landscape and subsequent leaching of significant proportions of these materials into water courses, (2) the release of sewage into aquatic systems, including directly into coastal ocean waters, (3) the diversion of water flows through channelized structures and dams resulting in changes in retention times of water, nutrients and sediments and also in riparian communities on land and hence changes in water, nutrient and suspended sediment fluxes to the coastal ocean, (4) deforestation and/or conversion of land type from, for example, agricultural use to urban housing, (5) the fallout of nitrogen from the atmosphere derived from combustion sources on land and its ultimate transport into aquatic systems, (6) CO2 emissions from fossil fuel and land-use activities (e.g., deforestation) and absorption of some of this CO2 by coastal and open ocean waters, and (7) atmospheric nitrogen emissions from combustion sources on land that ultimately fall directly on the ocean surface, and especially that of the coastal ocean.

关键词：相互作用；土地；海洋；海岸影响；水系统

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Vehicles moving on unpaved surfaces can be significant sources of fugitive dust emissions. The performance of vehicle operational characteristics as well as evaluating vehicle dust mitigation components including filters, radiators, seals, and windshields require models for the behavior and transport of emitted fugitive dust. Much of the work on modeling fugitive dust emissions from vehicles have focused on large scale atmospheric transport for environmental quality purposes. In this study, however, we present a dust emission and transport model suitable for modeling near-field effects of fugitive dust emissions. The presented model is validated numerically for the prediction of dust plumes in a region near vehicles through a careful comparison to the available experimental data. This model provides, for the first time, a validated dust emission and transport models suitable for the near field of moving vehicles. The weakness of the current near-field dust emission and transport technology is also discussed.

关键词：灰尘;排放;计算流体动力学;近场;数值分析;羽状

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The atmospheric composition inside spacecraft is dynamic due to changes in crew metabolism and payload operations. A portable FTIR gas analyzer was used to monitor the atmospheric composition of four modules (Core lab, Veggie Plant Atrium, Hygiene module, and Xhab loft) within the Deep Space Habitat '(DSH) during the Mission Operations Test (MOT) conducted at the Johnson Space Center. The FTIR was either physically relocated to a new location or the plumbing was changed so that a different location was monitored. An application composed of 20 gases was used and the FTIR was zeroed using N2 gas every time it was relocated. The procedures developed for operating the FTIR were successful as all data was collected and the FTIR worked during the entire MOT mission. Not all the 20 gases in the application sampled were detected and it was possible to measure dynamic VOC concentrations in each DSH location.

关键词：飞船舱内环境；挥发性有机化合物；太空栖息地；太空任务；大气成分

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The Major Constituent Analyzer (MCA) is a mass spectrometer based system that measures the major atmospheric constituents on the International Space Station. In 2011, two MCA ORU 02 analyzer assemblies experienced premature on-orbit failures. These failures were determined to be the result of off-nominal ion source filament performance. Recent product improvements to ORU 02 designed to improve the lifetime of the ion pump also constrained the allowable tuning criteria for the ion source filaments. This presentation describes the filament failures as well as the corrective actions implemented to preclude such failures in the future.

关键词：质谱仪；离子源；大气成分；二氧化碳；氮气

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The overarching, long-term goal of the study was to explore the profound effect of aerosol-water interaction both on radiation propagation in, and the thermodynamic structure of, the marine boundary layer. Specific goals as initially conceived were: 1) compile a climatology of aerosol hygroscopicity for use in the NAAPS and COAMPS models, and, further, to develop a model parameterization of hygroscopicity based on aerosol size and composition for such models, 2) explore the relative impacts of cross-inversion mixing and sub- cloud aerosol on cloud thickness and cloud base height, 3) quantify and parameterize the impact of precipitation scavenging on below cloud radiative transfer and cloud liquid water path. However, in the course of obtaining the measurements and analyzing them, our goals evolved as it became clear both that some particular tasks were infeasible with the resources available and other goals would be of more value to the overall objective of the study. The specific goals, or objectives, pursued in the study are given below. The sampling platform utilized throughout the study has been the CIRPAS Twin Otter research aircraft and the venue is the littoral environment off the California coast, representative of areas with high shipping densities.

关键词：边界层；辐射传输；气溶胶；气候；云

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