Middle-infrared (mid-IR) laser sources are in great demand for a variety of applications including molecular spectroscopy, non-invasive medical diagnostics, laser medical scalpel that make use of the ability of the laser to tune in and out of the strong absorption band of liquid water, industrial process control, environmental monitoring, atmospheric sensing and free space communication, oil prospecting, and numerous defense related applications such as infrared aircraft countermeasures, monitoring of munitions disposal, stand-off detection of explosion hazards, eye safe seekers for smart munitions and cruise missiles, covert communications systems, and injection seeding of high power chemical (e.g. HF) lasers.

关键词：激光；吸收；晶体；能量转移；环境监测

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No abstract available.

关键词：环境监测；取样；生物测定；微生物

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Because the International Space Station is a closed environment with rotations of astronauts and equipment that each introduce their own microbial flora, it is necessary to monitor the air, surfaces, and water for microbial contamination. Current microbial monitoring includes labor- and time-intensive methods to enumerate total bacterial and fungal cells, with limited characterization, during in-flight testing. Although this culture-based method is sufficient for monitoring the International Space Station, on future long-duration missions more detailed characterization will need to be performed during flight, as sample return and ground characterization may not be available. At a workshop held in 2011 at NASA's Johnson Space Center to discuss alternative methodologies and technologies suitable for microbial monitoring for these long-term exploration missions, molecular-based methodologies such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were recommended. In response, a multi-center (Marshall Space Flight Center, Johnson Space Center, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and Kennedy Space Center) collaborative research effort was initiated to explore novel commercial-off-the-shelf hardware options for space flight environmental monitoring. The goal was to evaluate quantitative or semi-quantitative PCR approaches for low-cost in-flight rapid identification of microorganisms that could affect crew safety. The initial phase of this project identified commercially available platforms that could be minimally modified to perform nominally in microgravity. This phase was followed by proof-of-concept testing of the highest qualifying candidates with a universally available challenge organism, Salmonella enterica. The analysis identified two technologies that were able to perform sample-to-answer testing with initial cell sample concentrations between 50 and 400 cells.

关键词：封闭的生态系统；环境监测；持续时间长太空飞行；微生物；病原体

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Colourimetric sensors and indicators are widely used because of their low cost and simplicity. A significant challenge associated with the design of this type of device is that the sensing mechanism must be simultaneously optimised for the sensitivity of the response and a visually perceptible colour change. Structural colour, derived from coherent scattering rather than molecular absorption, is a promising route to colourimetric sensor design because colour shifts are tied to changes in one of many physical properties of a material, rather than a specific chemical process. This Feature Article presents an overview of the development of low-cost sensors and indicators that exploit structural colour. Building upon recent advances in structurally adaptive materials design, structural colour sensors have been developed for a wide variety of previously inaccessible physical (e.g. temperature, strain, electric fields) and chemical stimuli (e.g. small organic molecules, charged species, biomacromolecules and metabolites). These devices, often exceeding the state of the art in performance, simplicity or both, have bright prospects for market impact in areas such as environmental monitoring, workplace hazard identification, threat detection, and point-of-care diagnostics. Finding the ideal balance between performance (e.g. sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility, etc.) and simplicity (e.g. colourimetric vs. spectroscopic readout) will be one of the most critical elements in the further development of structural colour sensors. This balance should be driven largely by the market demands and competing technologies.

关键词：比色分析法；比色法；探测器；色度传感器；环境监测

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6月，国家财政支出数据继续大幅反弹，同时，环保行业投资增速小幅反弹，其中废弃资源综合利用业投资完成额同比出现大幅反弹；水利、环境和公共设施管理业投资增速虽有下降，但仍保持较好增速。产品产量方面，环保专用设备产量保持较快增长，环境监测仪器仪表产量回归正增长，数据有较大改观，未来仍有望继续保持。预计下半年国家环保支出将会反弹，维持往年的国家环保支出预算占比。

关键词：环保；废弃资源综合利用；环保专用设备

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The Southwest CO2 Training Center was initiated in November 2009 in response to the need to develop a generation of workers with expertise in carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS). Three universities ran the Training Center cooperatively: New Mexico Tech, the University of Utah and Texas A&M University. The overall approach of the Training Center was to conduct education and outreach at a wide range of educational levels, including K-12 students and teachers, undergraduate and graduate students, professionals, and the general public. Key activities included: (1) Outreach targeted development of a video game (Carbon Bond) for middle-school students. (2) A summer program for high-school students. (3) Training for K-12 educators in Utah with a program by the Keystone center on the Climate Status and two offerings of a Masters of Science Teaching class at New Mexico Tech (NMT) on Climate and Carbon Sequestration. (3) Development and approval of an undergraduate curriculum for a concentration in CCUS for geology majors offered at the Earth and Environmental Science Department at NMT. This included a new course in Carbon Sequestration Science and a field course in Reservoir and Caprock Geology. (4) A new graduate-level course in CCUS was developed and offered via distance education to students at the University of Utah (U of U), NMT and the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). (5) Professional training via a reservoir modeling class, opening up the university courses to professionals, and conducting three webinars on outreach and public perception in CCUS.

关键词：空气污染；空气污染控制；二氧化碳

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We propose a cycle-resolved dynamic model for combustion instabilities in spark-ignition engines operating with high levels of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). We account for the complex combustion response to cycle-to-cycle feedback by utilizing a global probability distribution that describes the pre-spark state of in-cylinder fuel mixing. The proposed model does a good job of simulating combustion instabilities observed in both lean-fueling engine experiments and in experiments where nitrogen dilution is used to simulate some of the combustion inhibition of EGR. When used to simulate high internal EGR operation, the model exhibits a range of global bifurcations and chaos that appear to be very robust. We use the model to show that it should be possible to reduce high EGR combustion instabilities by switching from internal to external EGR.

 

关键词：空气污染；火花点火；内燃机；废气再循环

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Wenchuan earthquake triggered floods, landslide, collapse and secondary geological disaster,trigger a new soil and water loss, having the significant influence to the local river water quality.According to shaba and jiangyou station 2006 January to 2011 December flow and sediment concentration data for statistical analysis, this paper discusses the disaster area river water and sediment changes on the influence of river water quality before and after the earthquake.Results show that,the monthly average flow change trend does not take place obvious change before and after the earthquake,during the earthquake the monthly average sediment concentration is higher than any other in the same period of monthly average sediment concentrationjiangyou station and shaba station the average daily flow rate on May has no obvious change before and after earthquake, the earthquake for different regional influence is different, different regions of different section of the average sediment coefficient has certain space diversity,in jiangyou station the average sediment coefficient before the earthquake is more than the average sediment coefficient after the earthquake but the change of average sediment coefficient in shaba station was not significant before and after the earthquake.

关键词：汶川地震；流量；泥沙和水环境；环境监测

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The Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has released a report that discusses possible human exposure and environmental emissions associated with making and using concrete manufactured with baghouse filter dust.

关键词：空气污染；水泥窑袋式除尘器；FDOT

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The overall size of a state, as well as the available fuels, types of businesses, climate, and population density, play a role in both total and per capita emissions. Additionally, each statefs energy system reflects circumstances specific to that state. For example, some states are located near abundant hydroelectric supplies, while others contain abundant coal resources. This paper presents a basic analysis of the factors that contribute to a state's carbon dioxide profile. This analysis neither attempts to assess the effect of state policies on absolute emissions levels or on changes over time, nor does it intend to imply that certain policies would be appropriate for a particular state.

关键词：空气污染；空气污染监测；二氧化碳；国家级

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