This Technical Support Document (TSD) describes the development of the emissions inventories used as inputs to the air quality modeling that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) performed to assess the impact of the proposed Tier 3 vehicle and fuel emission standards for cars and trucks. This document provides the details of emissions modeling done to support the development of the Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) for the Tier 3 Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM), hereafter referred to as the Tier 3 NPRM. The emissions inventories were generated using the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) modeling system version 2.7 and processed into the form required by the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. CMAQ simulates the numerous physical and chemical processes involved in the formation, transport, and destruction of ozone, particulate matter and air toxics.

关键词：空气污染；空气质量；技术支持文档建模；3级排放标准

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This case study was completed in response to a company request to investigate the release of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) during cutting and sanding of composite panels containing CNTs. To evaluate the release of CNTs, a ventilated enclosure was built to capture and mix the emissions from sanding and cutting composite panels. The ventilation system consisted of a partial enclosure around the band saw, a metal duct, and a clean air machine that provided air flow and filtration. The volumetric air flow through the test system was 1,072 cubic feet per minute (cfm), with a hood face velocity of 197 feet per minute (fpm). The panel sanding and cutting was performed inside the hood face to reduce workers dust exposure and to capture emissions for characterization. The process emissions were well mixed because of the inclusion of a baffle and a 90DG elbow upstream of the sampling location. A portable air exhaust system exhausted air through the enclosure, the 90DG elbow, and the 12-inch-diameter duct.

关键词：空气污染；空气污染控制；加工材料；粒子排放

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关键词：空气污染；空气质量；技术支持文件模型

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Sixteen commercial reference buildings were created in the multizone airflow and contaminant transport program CONTAM in order to support airflow and indoor air quality (IAQ) analyses, which are not possible using the existing EnergyPlus input files for these buildings. Annual airflow and contaminant simulations were performed in CONTAM for six of the buildings. Contaminant analyses were performed for occupant-generated carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC) from indoor sources, outdoor particulate matter, and outdoor ozone. In all of the selected buildings and zones, the simulated indoor ozone and PM2.5 concentrations did not exceed indoor limits set by the World Health Organization. For CO2 and VOC, for which no similarly relevant indoor concentration standards or limits exist, the simulated concentrations were within expected ranges based on published field measurements in commercial buildings. The results of this study provide a baseline for subsequent use of these models to investigate approaches to building ventilation and other technologies that are intended to simultaneously reduce building energy consumption while maintaining or improving indoor air quality.

关键词：空气污染；室内空气污染；商业参考建筑；空气质量分析

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is providing the Draft Guidance for PM(sub 2.5) Permit Modeling to the public for consideration, review, and comment. The Draft Guidance for PM(sub 2.5) Permit Modeling incorporates the modeling procedures and recommendations from the Stephen Page, March 23, 2010, guidance memorandum, 'Modeling Procedures for Demonstrating Compliance with PM(sub 2.5) NAAQS,' and further clarifies procedures for adequately addressing primary and secondarily formed fine particulate matter (PM(sub 2.5)) in a National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) and increment compliance demonstration under Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD). This draft guidance document is also consistent with the EPA's Guideline on Air Quality Models, also published as Appendix W of 40 CFR Part 51. The release of the Guidance for PM(sub 2.5) Permit Modeling at the conclusion of this review process will fulfill a need for additional guidance on demonstrating compliance with the PM(sub 2.5) NAAQS, especially with regard to considerations of the secondarily formed component of PM(sub 2.5), as noted in the March 23, 2010, Stephen Page guidance memorandum, and is consistent with the EPA's commitments in the Gina McCarthy, January 4, 2012, administrative grant of the July 28, 2012, Sierra Club petition.

关键词：空气污染；PM2.5；建模；指导草案

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North Cascades National Park Complex, located in Northwest Washington, includes North Cascades National Park and Lake Chelan and Ross Lake National Recreation Areas. North Cascades National Park is designated as a Class I air quality area and is afforded special protection under the federal Clean Air Act. North Cascades National Park Complex is vulnerable to air pollution from nearby urban and agricultural areas, as well as to pollution from regional and even global sources. To better understand and protect air quality, the National Park Service has monitored air quality and air pollution-sensitive resources in the park since 1984. In 1994, the National Park Service Air Resources Division published a comprehensive review of the status of air quality and air pollution effects in five Class I parks in the Pacific Northwest. This report provides an update on air quality-related research and monitoring that has taken place at North Cascades National Park Complex.

关键词：空气污染；空气质量；北瀑布国家

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The U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration Nevada Field Office (NNSA/NFO) operates the Nevada National Security Site (NNSS) and North Las Vegas Facility (NLVF). From 1951 through 1992, the NNSS was the continental testing location for U.S. nuclear weapons. The release of radionuclides from NNSS activities has been monitored since the initiation of atmospheric testing. Limitation to underground detonations after 1962 greatly reduced radiation exposure to the public surrounding the NNSS. After nuclear testing ended in 1992, NNSS radiation monitoring focused on detecting airborne radionuclides from historically contaminated soils. These radionuclides are derived from re-suspension of soil (primarily by wind) and emission of tritium-contaminated soil moisture through evapotranspiration. Low amounts of legacy-related tritium are also emitted to air at the NLVF, an NNSS support complex in North Las Vegas. To protect the public from harmful levels of man-made radiation, the Clean Air Act, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP) (Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 61 Subpart H) (CFR 2010a) limits the release of radioactivity from a U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) facility to that which would cause 10 millirem per year (mrem/yr) effective dose equivalent to any member of the public. This limit does not include radiation unrelated to NNSS activities. Unrelated doses could come from naturally occurring radioactive elements, from sources such as medically or commercially used radionuclides, or from sources outside of the United States, such as the damaged Fukushima nuclear power plant in Japan in 2011.

关键词：空气污染；有害空气污染物-放射性核素；国家排放标准；2012

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This study was conducted in Bakersfield, CA to investigate the emissions sources and chemistry controlling aerosol production in the southern San Joaquin Valley Air Basin (SJVAB) a region that is current ly out of compliance with ambient air quality standards for ozone and particulate matter. The primary objective was to invest igate the contributions of various sources to organic aerosol (OA) and the formation pathways of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and subsequently provide insights into effective control strategies to reduce air pollution. An in-situ thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TAG) instrument, equipped with a pm2.5 sharp-cut cyclone, was deployed to measure organic species in both gas and particle phases during the California at the Nexus of Air Quality and Climate Change (CalNex) measurement campaign from May 31st through June 27th, 2010. More than 100 compounds were quantified, including alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), branched PAHs, acids, furanones, and oxygenated compounds, which provided a large set of organic species for the investigation of SOA format ion through comparison between modeled and measured gas/part icle partitioning of Known SOA tracers and OA source apportionment through positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis.

关键词：空气污染；有机气溶胶；标记化合物；每小时原位定量

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Organophosphate compounds are used as pesticides and in chemical warfareagents such as nerve agents. VX ((O-ethyl S- 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl) methylphosphonothioate) is one of the most toxic and environmentally persistent of these nerve agents. This research examined the fate of malathion, a pesticide and surrogate of VX O-ethyl S- 2-(diisopropylamino) (ethyl)(methylphosphonothioate), in bench-scale activated sludge (AS) sequencing batch reactors. Sorption kinetics and sorption equilibrium isotherm experiments indicate that sorption to AS biomass was not a statistically important removal mechanism. However, approximately 90of the initial 4.25 mg L-1 malathion concentration degraded primarily via heterotrophic activity.

关键词：活性污泥法；生物降解；马拉硫磷；有机磷；生物质能

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Revegetation of high elevation decomposed granite cut-slopes often requires repeated applications of soil amendments to attain sustained vegetative cover. Plant transects from slopes west of the Eisenhower Tunnel from 2007 to 2012 showed that cover was generally stable during this period. Soil fertility tests indicated that nutrients are generally low but still comparable to disturbed-but-revegetated reference plots. Soil organic matter and slow-release forms of nitrogen (N) may be a potential limiting factor. The N release rates of several common CDOT soil amendments were evaluated in a multi-year, field incubation experiment. Test results indicate a wide range of N release availability from nearly immediate to fairly slow release rates. Of the slow-release materials, about 74of total N content was released the first growing season, another 7in the following two years, while about 19was still retained in a more stable organic matter form at the end of the experiment. The study suggests that after several applications of slow-release amendments, vegetative cover on these cut-slopes is stabilizing. Implementation - Slopes that show signs of vegetation thinning should be re-amended promptly with modest amounts of slowly available N. Established stands or sites with more moderate growth conditions may be able to take up much of the available N from larger applications of these slow-release amendments. But on newly seeded sites in high elevation conditions with slow growth potential, the plants may not be large enough to capture N as it is released. An amendment with high carbon such as wood chips or shreds may immobilize excess N by incorporating it into microbial biomass as the mulch degrades. This mulch layer would also help retain organic duff to rebuild the soil. Combinations of existing organic amendments may provide slower, more long-lasting N release. Development of a soil test to specifically measure slowly releasing organic N would improve monitoring and management of erosive slopes.

关键词：公路；侵蚀控制；排水；植被；生物质能

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