We discuss two approaches for tackling algebraic systems, one is based on block preconditioning and the other is based on multifrontal and hierarchical matrix methods. First we consider a new preconditioner framework for supporting implicit time integration.

关键词：大气环流;计算机代码;分解;天气预报

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Glacierized change in the Himalayas affects river-discharge, hydro-energy and agricultural production, and Glacial Lake Outburst Flood potential, but its quantification and extent of impacts remains highly uncertain. Here we present conservative, comprehensive and quantitative predictions for glacier area and meltwater flux changes in Bhutan, monsoonal Himalayas. In particular, we quantify the uncertainties associated with the glacier area and meltwater flux changes due to uncertainty in climate data, a critical problem for much of High Asia. Based on a suite of gridded climate data and a robust glacier melt model, our results show that glacier area and meltwater change projections can vary by an order of magnitude for different climate datasets. However, the most conservative results indicate that, even if climate were to remain at the present-day mean values, almost 10of Bhutan s glacierized area would vanish and the meltwater flux would drop by as much as 30. Under the conservative scenario of an additional 1 C regional warming, glacier retreat is going to continue until about 25of Bhutan s glacierized area will have disappeared and the annual meltwater flux, after an initial spike, would drop by as much as 65.

关键词：冰川；气候；预测；洪水；大气加热

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Clear-air Doppler radars, also known as clear-air radar windprofilers, have been used for decades to remotely monitor wind velocities in the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. The traditional assumption is that the Doppler velocity (the first normalized moment of the Doppler spectrum) is an unbiased measure of the radial wind velocity within the radar's observation volume. Here we show that 'intermittency fluxes,' i.e., covariances of the turbulently fluctuating clear-air radar reflectivity and the turbulently fluctuating radial wind velocity, lead to systematic differences between the Doppler velocity and the (true) radial wind velocity. We use turbulent fields computationally generated by means of a large- eddy simulation to quantify this effect. We show that these biases may amount to several tens of centimeters per second in the atmospheric boundary layer, which is consistent with the biases observed with vertically pointing boundary-layer radar windprofilers.

关键词：风速；无线电波；大气运动；边界层；布拉格散射；

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Each major war tends to have a signature injury , with traumatic brain injury (TBI) associated with the Iraq war (Operation Iraqi Freedom II and Operation Enduring Freedom) due to the high incidence of personnel injured by IED (improvised explosive devices). Our previous study in a rat model showed that Mechanical Tissue Resuscitation (MTR the controlled application of vacuum) to the cerebral cortex following a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury reduces brain edema and the extent of injury, modulates metabolites in injured neuronal tissues, preserves neuronal tissue, and improves functional recovery. The large gyrencephalic brain of swine is similar to humans, thus a swine model of CCI injury and MTR treatment was evaluated for future human clinical applications. Year 1 goals were to determine the level of vacuum which resulted in the most efficacious result. Year 2 goals were to determine the length of time that the 100 mm Hg of applied sub-atmospheric pressure (determined in Year 1) was necessary to prevent late cell injury and death and late increase in intracranial pressure. Year 3 goals were to determine the length of delay between creation of the injury and application of the localized vacuum to the site of injury to prevent or minimize the size and progression of the injury.

关键词：低于大气压压力处理；伤性脑损伤；创伤和损伤；大脑皮质

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The objective of the project was to improve the thermospheric mass density specification by synthesizing a host of global observations of the thermosphere and ionosphere with a general circulation model and by characterizing the density variability associated with various external forcing. We have assimilated the neutral mass density data sampled from the Air Force (AF) High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model (HASDM) into the NCAR- Thermosphere-Ionosphere- Electrodynamics General Circulation Model using an ensemble Kalman filter assimilation procedure, and adjusted both neutral temperature and major composition mass mixing ratio globally. Global HASDM data appear to be more effective to reduce errors in the global mass density than in- situ observations obtained along satellite orbits in terms of the global neutral density specification. Among all sources of external forcing, the electromagnetic forcing in high-latitudes resulting from the solar-wind- magnetosphere interactions has the most significant impact on the mass density variability. We showed evidence that solar wind density enhancements and pressure pulses can cause intense low-energy particle precipitation and associated damping of thermospheric density response due to enhanced production of nitric oxide - an active infrared cooling agent. Ground-based indices as used by AF Space Command fail to capture these interactions in forecasting algorithms.

关键词：大气密度;数据压缩;热层;算法;电磁干扰

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We have transformed a plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, with the bacterial genes for the three subunit proteins of the soluble methane monooxygenase and with two associated genes, the mmoG and the mmoC.

关键词：细菌;甲烷;植物（植物）;基因;温室效应

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本文分别从2013-2014年中国环保市场概况、市场发展预测等几个方面进行了分析。

关键词：中国环保；市场概况；发展预测

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本文分别从2013-2014年中国节能环保产业发展现状、产业市场概况、市场预测等几个方面进行了分析。

关键词：节能环保；产业发展现状；市场概况；市场预测

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The earth's atmosphere affects the velocity of propagation of microwave signals. This imparts a range error to radar range measurements that assume the typical simplistic model for propagation velocity. This range error is a function of atmospheric constituents, such as water vapor, as well as the geometry of the radar data collection, notably altitude and range. Models are presented for calculating atmospheric effects on radar range measurements, and compared against more elaborate atmospheric models.

关键词：光雷达;范围（距离）;大气扩散模型;地球大气层

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本文分别从2013-2014年中国节能环保产业投融资并购市场概况、市场特点、产业价值链、产业投资等几个方面进行了分析。

关键词：节能环保；投融资并购；市场概况；特点；产业价值链；投资分析

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