This report presents a set of functions, written in C++, that can be used to calculate atmospheric conditions (temperature, pressure, air density, and speed of sound), as well as gravitational-field strength. The functions are based on the atmospheric model presented in U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976 (National Aeronautics and Space Administration. U.S. Standard Atmosphere, 1976; NASA-TM-X-74335; U.S. Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, October 1976).

关键词：大气模型；密度；比重；压力；声音；温度；空气密度

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Environmental quality and climate change are major challenges facing our nation and the worldwith current and potential impacts in the near and distant future. Fundamental understanding of atmospheric processes and coupling between the atmosphere, oceans, and biosphere are needed to understand and predict the interactions between climate and environmental processes and energy production practices. This is critical for providing policy makers with accurate information needed to develop cost-effective strategies to monitor, control, mitigate, and adapt to a changing climate. Reducing uncertainties in key components necessary to understand the Earth's complex climate and environmental systems is an important scientific objective, as discussed in National Research Council and National Science Foundation reports and embraced by the Climate and Environmental Sciences Division (CESD) within the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research (DOE-BER). The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), a DOE scientific user facility located in Richland, Washington, encourages and enables molecular-level research that leads to discovery and innovation which enhances the quality of life, now and for generations to come. Because of the growing recognition of atmospheric aerosol chemistry impacts on climate change, regional pollution, and weather patterns, EMSL conducted a Science Theme Advisory Panel (STAP) workshop focused on atmospheric aerosol chemistry. Thirty-eight scientists from 11 institutions participated in the workshop held on January 30, 2013. Workshop participants were asked to evaluate areas where understanding the chemical details and time evolution of aerosol formation and development, as well as their chemical and physical properties, could have the largest impact on the development of reliable process-level understanding of regional and global atmospheric climate models.

关键词：大气化学；气溶胶；气候变化；空气质量；空气污染

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In this effort was developed a high temperature 1-D solver to reconstruct the Longshot wind tunnel conditions. It supports calorically imperfect, thermally perfect flows in thermal equilibrium or non-equilibrium.

关键词：飞行器；校准；热值；能量转移；嵌入式大气数据系统

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The motivation for this project was to advance the science of climate change and prediction in the Arctic region. Its primary goals were to (i) develop a state-of-the-art Regional Arctic Climate system Model (RACM) including high-resolution atmosphere, land, ocean, sea ice and land hydrology components and (ii) to perform extended numerical experiments using high performance computers to minimize uncertainties and fundamentally improve current predictions of climate change in the northern polar regions. These goals were realized first through evaluation studies of climate system components via one-way coupling experiments. Simulations were then used to examine the effects of advancements in climate component systems on their representation of main physics, time-mean fields and to understand variability signals at scales over many years. As such this research directly addressed some of the major science objectives of the BER Climate Change Research Division (CCRD) regarding the advancement of long-term climate prediction.

关键词：气候变化；北极地区；预测；大气环流

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Local, one-dimensional (1-D) simulations of the upper-ocean structure observed at the Hawaii Ocean Time Series (HOTS) mooring located 100 km north of Oahu are compared with output from the operational Global NCOM ocean forecast system at the location of the mooring. The observations from the mooring indicate that the upper-ocean density structure and mixed-layer depth (MLD) in this area are significantly affected by the extensive eddy field that exists there. Local, 1-D simulations do not account for the modulation of the upper-ocean density structure by the eddies. However, Global NCOM, along with the data assimilation that it uses, provides a reasonably accurate simulation of the eddies and does a fairly good job of accounting for the effect of the eddies on the upper-ocean density structure and MLD. Comparison of atmospheric fields from NOGAPS, which are used by Global NCOM, with observations from the mooring show fairly good agreement, which contributes to the skill shown by Global NCOM in simulating the sea-surface temperature and MLD observed at the mooring.

关键词：海洋模式;空气与水的相互作用;大气;表面混合层

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The resolutions of interests in atmospheric simulations require prohibitively large computational resources. Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) tries to mitigate this problem by putting high resolution in crucial areas of the domain. We investigate the performance of a tree-based AMR algorithm for the high order discontinuous Galerkin method on quadrilateral grids with non- conforming elements. We perform a detailed analysis of the cost of AMR by comparing this to uniform reference simulations of two standard atmospheric test cases: density current and rising thermal bubble. The analysis shows up to 15 times speed-up of the AMR simulations with the cost of mesh adaptation below 1of the total runtime. We pay particular attention to the implicit-explicit (IMEX) time integration methods and show that the ARK2 method is more robust with respect to dynamically adapting meshes than BDF2. Preliminary analysis of preconditioning reveals that it can be an important factor in the AMR overhead. The compiler optimizations provide signi cant runtime reduction and positively a ect the e ectiveness of AMR allowing for speed-ups greater than it would follow from the simple performance model.

关键词：大气模式;可压缩流动; Euler方程;伽辽金法;算法;

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本刊以七大战略性新兴产业——高端装备制造、节能环保、新能源、新材料、新能源汽车、生物、新一代信息技术为研究重点，关注国家高层和各部委的动态，剖析国家和地方的新兴产业政策。本刊设有政策导读、领导讲话、七大战略性新兴产业本周国内外行业动态和重点企业新闻、投资专题四大板块，能够实时监测新兴产业和重点企业动态，把握新兴产业发展方向，研究发展重点，寻求发展机遇。

关键词：节能环保；新一代信息技术；生物；高端装备制造；新能源；新材料；新能源汽车

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本刊以七大战略性新兴产业——高端装备制造、节能环保、新能源、新材料、新能源汽车、生物、新一代信息技术为研究重点，关注国家高层和各部委的动态，剖析国家和地方的新兴产业政策。本刊设有政策导读、领导讲话、七大战略性新兴产业本周国内外行业动态和重点企业新闻、投资专题四大板块，能够实时监测新兴产业和重点企业动态，把握新兴产业发展方向，研究发展重点，寻求发展机遇。

关键词：节能环保；新一代信息技术；生物；高端装备制造；新能源；新材料；新能源汽车

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To assist in understanding sediment loadings and the management of water resources, a bathymetric survey was conducted in the part of Lake Linganore between Boyers Mill Road Bridge and Bens Branch in Frederick County, Maryland. The bathymetric survey was performed in January 2012 by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the City of Frederick and Frederick County. A separate, but related, field effort to collect 18 sediment cores was conducted in March and April 2012. Depth and location data from the bathymetric survey and location data for the sediment cores were compiled and edited by using geographic information system (GIS) software. A three-dimensional triangulated irregular network (TIN) model of the lake bottom was created to calculate the volume of stored water in the reservoir. Large-scale topographic maps of the valley prior to inundation in 1972 were provided by the Frederick County Division of Utilities and Solid Waste Management and digitized for comparison with current (2012) conditions in order to calculate sediment volume. Cartographic representations of both water depth and sediment accumulation were produced, along with an accuracy assessment for the resulting bathymetric model. Vertical accuracies at the 95-percent confidence level for the collected data, the bathymetric surface model, and the bathymetric contour map were calculated to be 0.64 feet (ft), 1.77 ft, and 2.30 ft, respectively. A dry bulk sediment density was calculated for each of the 18 sediment cores collected during March and April 2012, and used to determine accumulated sediment mass.

关键词：水资源；湖泊；水深；淤积；磷酸盐；固体废弃物

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One of the technologies being tested at Ames Research Center as part of the logistics and repurposing project is heat melt compaction (HMC) of solid waste to reduce volume, remove water and render a biologically stable and safe product. Studies at Kennedy Space Center have focused on the efficacy of the heat melt compaction process for killing microorganisms in waste and specific compacter operation protocols, i.e., time and temperature required to achieve a sterile, stable product. The work. reported here includes a controlled study to examine the survival and potential re-growth of specific microorganisms over a 6-month period of storage after heating and compaction. Before heating and compaction, ersatz solid wastes were inoculated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, previously isolated from recovered space shuttle mission food and packaging waste. Compacted HMC tiles were sampled for microbiological analysis at time points between 0 and 180 days of storage in a controlled environment chamber. In addition, biological indicator strips containing spores of Bacillus atrophaeus and Geobacillus stearothermophilus were imbedded in trash to assess the efficacy of the HMC process to achieve sterilization. Analysis of several tiles compacted at 180deg C for times of 40 minutes to over 2 hours detected organisms in all tile samples with the exception of one exposed to 180deg C for approximately 2 hours. Neither of the inoculated organisms was recovered, and the biological indicator strips were negative for growth in all tiles indicating at least local sterilization of tile areas. The findings suggest that minimum time/temperature combination is required for complete sterilization. Microbial analysis of tiles processed at lower temperatures from 130 deg C-150 deg C at varying times will be discussed, as well as analysis of the bacteria and fungi present on the compactor hardware as a result of exposure to the waste and the surrounding environment. The two organisms inoculated into the waste were among those isolated and identified from the HMC surfaces indicating the possibility of cross contamination.

关键词：瓷砖;压实;固体废物;微生物;热处理;废物处理

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