Our main project objective was to implement Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEV) and charging infrastructure into our electric distribution service territory and help reduce barriers in the process. Our research demonstrated the desire for some to be early adopters of electric vehicles and the effects lack of education plays on others. The response of early adopters was tremendous: with the initial launch of our program we had nearly 60 residential customers interested in taking part in our program. However, our program only allowed for 15 residential participants. Our program provided assistance towards purchasing a PEV and installation of Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). The residential participants have all come to love their PEVs and are more than enthusiastic about promoting the many benefits of driving electric.

关键词：混合动力；电动汽车；电池充电；推进系统

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Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

关键词：锂电池；地面车辆；生命周期管理

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PEVs can represent a significant power resource for the grid. An IVCI with bi-direction V2G capabilities would allow PEVs to provide grid support services and thus generate a source of revenue for PEV owners. The fleet of EV Project vehicles represents a power resource between 30 MW and 90 MW, depending on the power rating of the grid connection (5-15 kW). Aggregation of vehicle capacity would allow PEVs to participate in wholesale reserve capacity markets. One of the key insights from EV Project data is the fact that vehicles are connected to an EVSE much longer than is necessary to deliver a full charge. During these hours when the vehicles are not charging, they can be participating in wholesale power markets providing the high-value services of regulation and spinning reserves. The annual gross revenue potential for providing these services using the fleet of EV Project vehicles is several hundred thousands of dollars to several million dollars annually depending on the power rating of the grid interface, the number of hours providing grid services, and the market being served. On a per vehicle basis, providing grid services can generate several thousands of dollars over the life of the vehicle.

关键词：电池充电；电池；电动车辆

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Hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and battery electrics are conservatively estimated to reach a 5 percent national car park by 2030. Drastic increases in the price of gasoline resulting from oil shocks or major shifts in national energy and environmental policy, however, may push Electric Vehicles (EV) quickly beyond this small share. Should such critical changes occur, EVs will be poised to move beyond their current niche to gain wider scale acceptance and integration into transportation and energy infrastructure. EV battery technology has not improved to the degree needed to achieve the same range mobility as conventionally fueled vehicles. Electric powertrain hybridization and incorporation of regenerative systems such as braking and flywheels are steadily, but only incrementally, improving EV fuel efficiency and range performance. New Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the next decade may drive the light-weighting or downsizing of some vehicle categories to achieve more aggressive fuel economy requirements, especially absent a breakthrough in vehicle battery technology. Light-weighting for battery electrics may be critical. Studies indicate that if primary vehicle mass is reduced between 40-59 percent, battery size and cost may be cut by nearly half without reductions in performance.

关键词：燃料电池；电动工具；智能电网

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Our overall goal is to increase the capabilities of today s long- rage Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) and Unmanned Underwater Gliders (UUGs) by using high-energy-density lithium-seawater batteries. Specific objectives are (1) to test in the laboratory and ocean new lithium-seawater batteries developed and manufactured by the PolyPlus Battery Company, (2) to discover how to mount and operate these cells to minimize adverse impacts of limited mass transfer with the ambient seawater and of bio-fouling, and (3) to develop a long-range underwater UUV or UUG to exploit this energy source. Our target is to double the range/duration of long-range neutrally buoyant underwater vehicles.

关键词：蓄电池；水下车辆；电量存储

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This report summarizes key conclusions from analysis of data collected from Chevrolet Volts participating in The EV Project. Topics include how many miles are driven in EV mode, how far vehicles are driven between charging events, and how much energy is charged from the electric grid per charging event. Owners of Chevrolet Volts in 18 metropolitan areas across the United States are participating in The EV Project. They agreed to allow project researchers to monitor the usage of their vehicles throughout the project. In-use data collected between October 1, 2012 and May 31, 2013 from a sample of 1,154 participating Volts were analyzed to determine how these vehicles were being used. This set of privately owned vehicles drove more than 6 million miles and performed over 220,000 charging events in the 8 month study period.

关键词：电动汽车；行驶车辆里程；电池充电器

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Chapter we present an overview of a capacitor-less DRAM cell based on a 3D multibody transistor with high scalability, low-power consumption, long retention time, non-destructive reading, and wide memory window. High performance is demonstrated on a 20 nm channel length device, including '1' to '0' current ratio larger than 10~3 (with negligible '0' current level), very low voltage bias operation and retention time longer than 20 ms at 85 ℃ in worst cases. Compared to previous equivalent 3D memory cells reported so far, the proposed cell shows longer retention time even though the gate length is shrunk by a factor of two. The voltages used to write and read the information are far smaller than the previously reported ones in comparable structures. We have confirmed by TCAD simulation that the improvements are attributed to an innovative operation concept: a dedicated body partitioning. This device exploits the working principle of the A2RAM memory cell recently introduced by researchers at the University of Granada and Grenoble INP. The principles of operation and key mechanisms for programming are described. The new concept of 3D (FinFET, trigate or nanowire) DRAM cell proposed features a N/P body partitioning which enables the physical separation of hole storage and sensing electron current. The hole concentration in a surrounding P-crust, controls the partial or full depletion of a N-core which short-circuits drain and source of the device. The status of the N-bridge (depleted or un-depleted) determines the two memory logic states. The cell is compatible with ultimate scaling and shows attractive performance (long retention, wide memory window, simple programming, nondestructive reading, and very low-power operation) for embedded systems.

关键词：第三个维度；无电容器；嵌入式系统

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Low-power consumption thermo-optically controlled silicon microring resonator loaded Mach-Zehnder modulators and switches (MRR-loaded MZMs/MZ switches) are demonstrated. We experimentally characterized single microring and cascaded-multiple-MRR resonators coupled to one arm of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). The anving power consumption of the proposed MZM is significantly reduced owing to the enhanced phase shift in the MRR. The device was fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide structure and each microring is equipped with TiN microheater for thermo-optic tuning. The coupling efficiency between a microring and a busline waveguide was regulated by varying the gap between two waveguides at a directional coupler. Power consumption of a single microring MZI and cascaded MRR-loaded MZMs were approximately 0.4 mW and1mW, respectively. The phase-shift enhancement factor of up to19 with a maximum extinction ratio of18 dB was obtained experimentally. Multiple-wavelength operation was also demonstrated in the cascaded MRR-loaded MZM.

关键词：微环谐振器；热光效应；硅；马赫-曾德干涉仪

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The E-latch is a new automotive mechatronic device that substitutes the door closure mechanical system with electro-actuated parts plus an embedded electronic control unit (ECU) connected to the main vehicle network. Due to severe automotive safety-critical requirements for door closure, an energy back-up system is required. A solution based on supercaps and boost converter is proposed in this work to ensure E-latch operation even in case of main battery failure. An in-depth thermal, electrical and durability characterization of the supercaps proves the reliability of the energy back-up unit for automotive applications. A Components Off the Shelf (COTS) approach has been followed for the E-latch prototype and test phases. A migration towards an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) design approach is envisaged for future large volume production.

关键词：机械系统；电致动零件；集成电路

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This chapter describes a development approach for supporting a component-based development process of real-time applications, and the schedu-lability analysis of the resulting software. The approach revolves around the Model-Driven Software Engineering paradigm and its associated technologies. They provide the theoretical and technological support for defining the most suitable abstraction levels at which applications are designed, analyzed, deployed, etc., as well as the automatic evolution of models through the defined abstractions levels. To ensure that the analyzed models correspond to the input architectural description, it is necessary to establish univocal correspondences between the concepts of the domains involved in the process. The development process is supported by an Eclipse-based tool-chain, and a sample case study comprising the well-known cruise control problem illustrates its use.

关键词：开发方法；巡航控制；Eclipse

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