Racing tires are a range of high-performance tires that are customized for usage in racing vehicles. Production of racing tires is capital-intensive, requiring a significant degree of hi-tech equipment coupled with highly trained and skilled manpower dedicated to the purpose of engineering and manufacture. Racing tires are designed to deliver superior performance, and therefore undergo various quality, durability, and speed tests. Besides natural and synthetic rubber as the primary raw material, textile reinforcements like rayon, aramid, nylon, and polyester are also used to manufacture racing tires.

关键词：赛车轮胎；高性能轮胎；资本密集型；高科技设备；优越性能；质量；耐用性；速度测试

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Automotive NVH materials reduce unwanted noise, vibrations (oscillations due to automobile mechanics), and harshness (the level of discomfort) in automobiles. Noise in vehicles may be caused by the engine, road, brakes, exhaust system, cooling fans, or external wind noise. Automotive NVH materials perform either acoustic absorption or acoustic insulation functions to absorb the noise and prevent it from entering the inside of the vehicle, thereby enhancing the overall driving comfort.

关键词：汽车；NVH材料；振动；粗糙度；吸声；隔音功能；提高；驾驶舒适性

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Armored vehicles include ground combat and transportation vehicles used by landbased military forces for operations such as transporting cargo and military personnel, as well as for operating in active combats. These vehicles are protected by armor and in many cases armed with weapons. Armored vehicles provide significant strength to a country’s army and are used in large numbers by military forces around the world.

关键词：装甲车；陆基地面作战；运输车辆；活性搏斗操作；装甲保护

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Internal combustion engines are the most popular and commonly used engines in the automotive industry. During the process of combustion, a mixture of fuel and air is supplied into the cylinder chamber of the vehicle through an intake valve. The left-out emission is pushed through the exhaust valve after combustion, which is disposed through the tailpipe. Camshaft is one of the most vital components of the vehicle, also known as the heart of the vehicle, which monitors and controls this inlet of fuel and air mixture and emission of exhaust particles from the vehicle’s cylinder chamber.

关键词：内燃机；发动机；汽车行业；燃料和空气；凸轮轴；控制燃料

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Automobile manufacturers globally are focusing on the usage of technologically advanced drivetrain and safety systems to minimize accidents (and mitigate the impact of accidents on both passengers and pedestrians). Consequently, OEMs developed MWD systems to ensure enhanced control and stability of vehicles. A drivetrain is a collection of components that carry power to the driving wheel. 4WD and AWD are the systems used to allow a vehicle to receive the necessary torque from the engine. AWD systems have differentials whereas 4WD systems do not, as a result, the latter can be used as part-time 4WD systems. In this mechanism, the torque goes to the transfer case and is then directed to the front and rear axles.

关键词：汽车制造商；动力系统；安全系统；减少意外；MWD系统；加强控制；车辆稳定性；动力传动系统；驱动轮组件

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Lead-acid is a significant battery chemistry in energy storage technology. Lead-acid is used in automotive, stationary, and deep-cycle batteries. These batteries have held a strong position in the overall battery market for over 100 years. Lead-acid batteries have been dominating the automotive market — they are the only available battery technology for SLI applications in automotive, due to their excellent cold cranking performance. Although new technologies such as nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH) and the lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery have emerged, lead-acid batteries will maintain their dominance throughout the forecast period due to their low cost and long life cycle.

关键词：铅酸；储能技术；电池化学物质；深循环电池；冷启动性能；镍氢电池；锂离子

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An automotive piston primarily functions in an engine by transferring force from the expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via piston rod or with the help of a connecting rod, which produces the necessary power to drive the shaft and consequently the automobile. The automotive piston also contains piston rings, which help prevent leakage of gas. The piston also acts as a valve in some engines for ports in the cylinder wall.

关键词：发动机；转移力；汽车活塞；活塞杆；膨胀气体；气缸内；曲轴连杆

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In an effort to characterize the dynamics typical of school bus operation, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) researchers set out to gather in-use duty cycle data from school bus fleets operating across the country. Employing a combination of Isaac Instruments GPS/CAN data loggers in conjunction with existing onboard telemetric systems resulted in the capture of operating information for more than 200 individual vehicles in three geographically unique domestic locations. In total, over 1,500 individual operational route shifts from Washington, New York, and Colorado were collected. Upon completing the collection of in-use field data using either NREL-installed data acquisition devices or existing onboard telemetry systems, large-scale duty-cycle statistical analyses were performed to examine underlying vehicle dynamics trends within the data and to explore vehicle operation variations between fleet locations. Based on the results of these analyses, high, low, and average vehicle dynamics requirements were determined, resulting in the selection of representative standard chassis dynamometer test cycles for each condition. In this paper, the methodology and accompanying results of the large-scale duty-cycle statistical analysis are presented, including graphical and tabular representations of a number of relationships between key duty-cycle metrics observed within the larger data set.

关键词：混合动力电动汽车；数据采集；电池；电动工具；能源存储

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Hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, and battery electric vehicles offer the potential to reduce both oil imports and greenhouse gases, as well as to offer a financial benefit to the driver. However, assessing these potential benefits is complicated by several factors, including the driving habits of the operator. We focus on driver aggression, i.e., the level of acceleration and velocity characteristic of travel, to (1) assess its variation within large, real-world drive datasets, (2) quantify its effect on both vehicle efficiency and economics for multiple vehicle types, (3) compare these results to those of standard drive cycles commonly used in the industry, and (4) create a representative drive cycle for future analyses where standard drive cycles are lacking.

关键词：蓄电池；混合动力电动汽车；交通安全

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The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy has defined milestones for its Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) technology programs. This report provides estimates of the benefits that would accrue from achieving these milestones relative to a base case that represents a future in which there is no VTO-supported vehicle technology development. This was done by estimating fuel use, primary energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from light-, medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, including energy and GHG emissions from fuel production for the base case and the program target case. The target case represented the future with completely successful deployment of VTO technologies. Market penetrations of different vehicle types with and without VTO technologies were projected using market share models, and a stock and energy accounting model was used to make projections of energy consumption and GHG emissions for the base and target cases. The differences between the base case and the target case were attributed to VTO technologies. Improvements in fuel economy of various vehicle types were attributed to individual VTO technology areas, which included batteries and electric drives, advanced combustion engines, fuels and lubricants, materials (i.e., reducing vehicle mass, also called lightweighting), and for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, reduction in rolling and aerodynamic resistance.

关键词：电池；电动工具排放；能源消耗

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