Friction stir welding is a technique to join two metals or metal alloys via a solid-state joining process. The process makes use of a third tool that joins the two surfaces. The process involves the generation of heat that softens the surface near the friction stir welding tool. The two pieces of metal are intermixed at the joint, and mechanical pressure is applied by the tool to join the softened metal. Typically, this type of welding technique is applied in the case of aluminum metal (extruded aluminum) and on structures that require superior weld strength. The process does not need any postweld heat treatment.

Flow cytometry is a laser or impedance-based technology used in cell sorting, cell counting, biomarker detection, and protein engineering. Flow cytometry allows for indepth analysis of cell structures using software.

Construction paints and coatings refer to any liquid surface covering applied on the interior or exterior of a structure for decorative or protective purposes. They help prevent cracks and rusting, check the proliferation of fungi and algae, and enhance the looks and lifespan of the structure.

Generators are devices that convert mechanical energy into electric energy. The source of mechanical energy can vary from an internal combustion engine, hand crank, compressed air, to a reciprocating steam engine. Internal combustion engines use diesel, gasoline, propane gas, and natural gas to produce mechanical energy; this energy is converted into electric energy with the help of gensets.

The global automotive industry has to increasingly meet the challenges of regulations and standards set by governments regarding emission of exhaust gases such as CO2, NOx, and particulate matter from internal combustion (IC) engines. Europe is the leading country to set the standard for emission regulation. Every Euro norm is more stringent and an improvement over the earlier, aiming to reduce harmful emissions and improving the efficiency of the engine. To achieve the demanding limits of emission rules, car manufacturers are increasingly relying on gasoline particulate filter (GPF) as one of the potential emission control devices. GPF is primarily used in the aftertreatment of GDI-equipped cars to limit the number of particles emitted as shorter air-fuel mixing time in GDI leads to 5 to 10 times higher particle emission than a similar sized port fuel injection (PFI) engine.

An atomic layer of graphite is known as graphene. It in an allotrope of carbon in a honeycomb lattice. It forms a two-dimensional (2D) structure and is used for various applications, such as field effect transistors, transparent conductive films, and lithiumion battery additive. It is used by research institutions as well as business organizations. The graphene market is in the infant stage, with various organizations continuously working to develop new application areas and new production methods that can be adopted commercially.

Gout is one type of arthritis, which is caused by the high levels of uric acid in the blood. The main symptoms of gout are sudden attack of burning pain, swelling in a joint, and stiffness, usually in toe. If it is not treated, over time, it can harm tendons, joints, and other tissues. NSAIDs and urate-lowering agents are preferred treatment options for gout.

Enzymes are complex proteins that help accelerate reactions and catalyze biochemical reactions. They increase the reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of the reactants. Small quantities of enzymes are enough to increase the reaction rates up to a million times on account of their specific mode of action. Most of the enzymes are found to function in a narrow set of conditions related to factors such as acidity and temperature. About 2,500 enzymes have been identified that aid more than 3,000 biochemical processes, including assisting metabolism and other vital processes, in humans. Enzymes are primarily classified on the type of reaction they are involved in and the substrate they act upon. Enzymes are commercially obtained from microorganisms, plant, and animal tissues. They are classified as digestive enzymes, food enzymes, and metabolic enzymes on the basis of their function. Food enzymes are enzymes that are used in the food industry. Based on the type, food enzymes are categorized into carbohydrases, proteases, lipases, and others based on the substrate acted upon. They are used in confectioneries, bakery products, beverages, dairy products, convenience foods, and meat and poultry products.

A mobile C-arm is a form of specialized diagnostic equipment that employs overhead X-ray image intensifiers, which aid in the visualization of the anatomical structure using fluoroscopic dyes. It offers safe screening as it is a non-invasive device and allows for rapid diagnosis and treatment. The development of the C-arms increases the emphasis on MIS, leading to reduced hospital stay. Therefore, there will be an increase in sales of C-arm equipment components in the hospital sector during the forecast period. The growing number of ambulatory surgical centres that perform numerous procedures is expected to further increase the demand for mobile C-arms in the market during the forecast period.

Fluorochemicals are chemical compounds that contain fluorine. Fluorine is a highly reactive element and is derived from sources like fluorite (also known as fluorspar), fluorapatite, and cryolite. Fluorine has a number of desirable chemical properties like high electronegativity, and reactivity and tendency to form stable compounds, which make it appropriate for various applications in the industrial, commercial, and medical sectors. It is the most electronegative and the most reactive of all elements. Thus, it readily forms compounds with all elements except the three lighter noble gases (helium, neon, and argon). Another useful property of fluorine is its ability to form strong and stable covalent bonds with carbon, leading to the formation of fluorocarbon, which is the most important type of fluorochemicals. The addition of fluorine or its substituents improves the desirability both in qualities and structure of a wide range of substances including pharmaceutical products, plastics, elastomers, and surfactants.