Sinter plants turns raw materials such as iron ore, coal, and scrap steel into crude steel by the blast furnacebasic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) method. Sinter plants are a part of integrated steel plants. The output of a sinter plant is called a sinter, which is then crushed, cooled and screened for any dust which is primary feed for steel production.

Casting of semi-finished iron products Casting of grey iron castings Casting of spheroidal graphite iron castings Casting of malleable cast-iron products Casting of semi-finished steel products Casting of steel castings

Structural steel is a versatile construction material that combines manufacturing versatility and structural strength. It has low weight and is used for commercial and residential infrastructure construction. Structural steel is used in building and construction projects. It is carbon steel with 2.1% carbon by weight. Carbon is the second-most essential ingredient in carbon steel after iron. Increasing the quantity of carbon in steel leads to materials with high strength but low ductility. The carbon amount or content required depends on how the steel will be utilized.

Although the 3rd wave of COVID-19 with new variants started in January 2022, it had been far less severe than the prior waves. Following the preventive measures of the government including microlevel restrictions, the contact-intensive services are temporarily impacted, industrial activity remains robust, supported by government spending and healthy global demand.

Operation of blast furnaces, steel converters, rolling and finishing mills Production of pig iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks or other primary forms Production of ferro-alloys Production of ferrous products by direct reduction of iron and other spongy ferrous products Production of iron of exceptional purity by electrolysis or other chemical processes Production of granular iron and iron powder Production of steel in ingots or other primary forms

This data equals output data for the following ISIC Rev. 4 code: 2410 Manufacture of Basic Iron and Steel This class includes: Operation of blast furnaces, steel converters, rolling and finishing mills Production of pig iron and spiegeleisen in pigs, blocks or other primary forms Production of ferro-alloys Production of ferrous products by direct reduction of iron and other spongy ferrous products Production of iron of exceptional purity by electrolysis or other chemical processes Production of granular iron and iron powder Production of steel in ingots or other primary forms Remelting of scrap ingots of iron or steel Production of semi-finished products of steel Manufacture of hot-rolled and cold-rolled flat-rolled products of steel Manufacture of hot-rolled bars and rods of steel Manufacture of hot-rolled open sections of steel Manufacture of steel bars and solid sections of steel by cold drawing, grinding or turning Manufacture of open sections by progressive cold forming on a roll mill or folding on a press of flat-rolled products of steel Manufacture of wire of steel by cold drawing or stretching Manufacture of sheet piling of steel and welded open sections of steel Manufacture of railway track materials (unassembled rails) of steel Manufacture of seamless tubes, pipes and hollow profiles of steel, by hot rolling, hot extrusion or hot drawing, or by cold drawing or cold rolling Manufacture of welded tubes and pipes of steel, by cold or hot forming and welding, delivered as welded or further processed by cold drawing or cold rolling or manufactured by hot forming, welding and reducing Manufacture of tube fittings of steel, such as: Flat flanges and flanges with forged collars Butt-welded fittings

Steel sector is both the backbone of Indian economy as well as a growth promising sector. The growth of the sector is well supported by the availability od raw material such as iron ore and cost effective labour in the country. The government has always realized the importance of the sector for manufacturing sector growth and the overall GDP growth and therefore, initiated various schemes and policies for the development of steel sector along with promoting public private partnership. Since the last couple of the decades, the sector has been moving towards modernizing itself with plants upgradation, adoption of advanced technology and building of state-of-the-art mills. Leveraging on the high demand with resurging economy, the India has witnessed continuous rise in the steel production, which has made India a second largest crude steel producer of the world (since 2018).

Nichrome alloys are used for architectural purposes such as lead for water pipes, roofing, and windows. Stainless steel is expensive and is used as the primarily metal ,where potential for corrosion is high. An extensive use of stainless steel was for the construction of the Chrysler Building. Nichrome is used in gears, drive shafts, special vehicles for low temperature, or high wear uses. It is also used in special engineering uses. Nichcrome alloys are mainly used for electric resistance heating. They are highly electric-resistant, have good strength and ductility at operating temperatures, etc. These properties make them suitable for use in electronic appliances. Nichrome alloys are corrosion-resistant. The anti-corrosive degree of this steel is determined by the surface condition of the metal as well as by the composition, temperature, and concentration of the corrosive agent. The corrosion-resistant steel is mostly used in aircraft construction which has 18% chromium and 8% nickel content.

Establishments described in this report are primarily participating in the weathering steel market. Weathering steel, often referred to by the genericised trademark COR-TEN steel and sometimes written without the hyphen as corten steel, is a group of steel alloys which were developed to eliminate the need for painting, and form a stable rust-like appearance after several years' exposure to weather.

預期 2021年上游原料報價維持高檔震盪，加上業者提高利基產品出貨比重，有利於業者獲利回升，故估計2021年第二季我國鋼鐵伸線業景氣持續轉佳，且全年景氣將較2020年好轉。