关键词：光机电；传感器；融合；模型

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In the realm of sensor network management, detection and estimation in the presence of uncertainties in both sensing and process dynamics are challenging tasks. Applications include but are not limited to using UAVs for fire detection and temperature estimation in aerial wild fire control [102], aerial search and tracking [82], space situational awareness (SSA) for the detection and categorizing of critical space objects [141], and chemical leak detection and concentration estimation in emergency responses to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear, Explosive (CBRNE) incidents.

关键词：光机电；传感器；集成检测；估计

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Wireless sensor network (WSN) technology promises to have a high potential to tackle environmental challenges and to monitor and reduce energy and greenhouse gas emissions. Indeed, WSNs have already been successfully employed in applications such as intelligent buildings, smart grids and energy control systems, transportation and logistics, and precision agriculture. All these applications generally require the exchange of a large amount of data and the localization of the sensor nodes. Both these two tasks can be particularly energy-hungry. Since sensor nodes are typically powered by small batteries, appropriate energy saving strategies have to be employed so as to prolong the lifetime of the WSNs and to make their use attractive and effective. To this aim, the study of data compression algorithms suitable for the reduced storage and computational resources of a sensor node, and the exploration of node localization techniques aimed at estimating the positions of all sensor nodes of a WSN from the knowledge of the exact locations of a restricted number of these nodes, have attracted a large interest in the last years. In this chapter, we discuss how multi-objective evolutionary algorithms can successfully be exploited to generate energy-aware data compressors and to solve the node localization problem. Simulation results show that, in both the tasks, the solutions produced by the evolutionary processes outperform the most interesting approaches recently proposed in the literature.

关键词：光机电；传感器；数据压缩；节点定位

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The function of the infrared gas transducer used during extravehicular activity in the current space suit is to measure and report the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the ventilation loop. The next generation portable life support system (PLSS) requires next generation CO2 sensing technology with performance beyond that presently in use on the Space Shuttle/International Space Station extravehicular mobility unit (EMU). Accommodation within space suits demands that optical sensors meet stringent size, weight, and power requirements. A laser diode spectrometer based on wavelength modulation spectroscopy is being developed for this purpose by Vista Photonics, Inc. Two prototype devices were delivered to NASA Johnson Space Center (JSC) in September 2011. The sensors incorporate a laser diode-based CO2 channel that also includes an incidental water vapor (humidity) measurement and a separate oxygen channel using a vertical cavity surface emitting laser. Both prototypes are controlled digitally with a field-programmable gate array/microcontroller architecture. The present development extends and upgrades the earlier hardware to the Advanced PLSS 2.0 test article being constructed and tested at JSC. Various improvements to the electronics and gas sampling are being advanced by this project. The combination of low power electronics with the performance of a long wavelength laser spectrometer enables multi-gas sensors with significantly increased performance over that presently offered in the EMU.

关键词：光机电；传感器；舱外活动；应用

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The navigational strategies of insects using skylight polarization are interesting for applications in autonomous agent navigation because they rely on very little information for navigation. The skylight polarization pattern for navigation varies in a systematic fashion both in plane (e-vector) and degree of polarization, depending only on the direction of the observation point relative to the angular position of the sun. This is found to be very efficient and reliable for real time navigation. In this chapter, a polarization navigation sensor using the Stokes parameters to determine the orientation and position is presented. Section 6.1 discusses the two most common navigation algorithms prevalent in most animals: egocentric and geocentric. The working principle of the implemented algorithm is based on egocentric navigation, predominant in insects. The celestial compass based on skylight polarization is presented in section 6.2. Section 6.3 discusses the navigation compass employed by insects and in section 6.4 some of the implemented models for autonomous agent navigation based on the insect's model are presented. In section 6.5 the proposed polarization based compass is presented. The variation in the degree of polarization with changes in the polarized light can be used as a compass and conversely from the degree of polarization the incoming light ray direction can be determined. The computation of ellipticity and azimuthal angles allows for on-chip position detection based on the angle of the incoming light ray with little complexity. This can further be used as a sun position detector based on the skylight polarization. The ability to compute on-chip or in real-time the positional information would result in highly miniaturized navigational sensors.

关键词：光机电；传感器；CMOS；偏振导航

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Dexterous grasping and manipulation of objects with robot hands requires the ability to monitor contact locations in real-time and with good spatial resolution in order to close the control loop required for object and contact trajectory generation. The ability to recognize incipient slippage will allow for autonomous grasp force adaption - a major prerequisite to handle objects of unknown weight. To provide appropriate tactile sensing capabilities, this paper presents the development of a modular tactile sensor system focusing especially on high frame rates (up to 1.9 kHz) and good spatial resolution (5mm). Larger sensor areas are composed from identical sensor modules providing a 16x16 matrix of tactels. We compare different tactel layouts and force-sensitive materials to achieve optimal sensitivity especially to low forces in order to facilitate detection of first touch. Finally we demonstrate the versatility of the sensor to detect incipient slippage employing a Fourier transformation of the high-frequency tactile signal as input to a multi-layer perceptron, which learns to accomplish the classification tasks.

关键词：光机电；传感器；触觉；检测

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Image sensors have become significant due to the high demand from different applications. Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) and Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors are two different technologies used for capturing images digitally. Both types of imagers are fabricated in silicon and convert light into electronic signals for processing. Section 3.1 of this chapter discusses briefly the CCDs and CMOS image sensors. Section 3.2 gives an overview of the photodetection in silicon. The different types of photodiodes used to sense the light intensity are discussed. Section 3.3 discusses the basic types of pixels commonly used in CMOS image sensors. The advantages and disadvantages of each type are elaborated. Section 3.4 discusses the performance parameters of the CMOS image sensors and section 3.5 presents the peripheral circuits used in conventional CMOS image sensors. Section 3.6 describes the design of a 128×128 pixel CMOS image sensor chip with in-pixel analog memory and a 1-bit dynamic memory in a standard 0.18μm 1-poly-3-metal CMOS CIS (CMOS Image Sensor) process. The characterization and measurement results of the image sensor are also presented in section 3.7.

关键词：光机电；传感器；CMOS；设计

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Material classification is an important application in computer vision. The ability to detect the nature of the object surface from image data has a very high potential for applications ranging from low-level inspection to high-level object recognition. The inherent property of materials to partially polarize the reflected light can serve as a tool to classify them. In this chapter, an introduction to material classification is presented in section 5.1. The theory behind polarization upon specular reflection and Fresnel coefficients is covered in section 5.2. The Fresnel reflectance model is also briefly described. The polarized nature of the transmitted light can be used to differentiate between metal and dielectric surfaces in real time due to the different nature in partially polarizing the specular and diffuse reflection components of the reflected light. This is elaborated in section 5.3 by measuring the transmitted irradiance after reflection from the material surface which allows computation of Fresnel reflection coefficients, the degree of partial polarization and the variations in the maximum and minimum transmitted intensities for varying specular angle of incidence. Differences in the physical parameters for various metal surfaces result in different surface reflection behavior, influencing the Fresnel reflection coefficients. Section 5.4, shows that it is possible to differentiate among various metals of varying conductivity by sensing the change in the Polarization Fresnel Ratio and the degree of polarization of the light reflected. Section 5.5 presents a short summary of the methods used to differentiate among material surfaces.

关键词：光机电；传感器；CMOS；材料分类

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Since their introduction, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have been proposed as a powerful support for environment monitoring, ranging from monitoring of remote or hard-to-reach locations to fine-grained control of cultivations. Development of a WSN-based application is a complex task and challenging issues must be tackled starting from the first phases of the design cycle. We present here a tool supporting the DSE phase to perform architectural choices for the nodes and network topology, taking into account target performance goals and estimated costs. When designing applications based on WSN, the most challenging problem is energy shortage. Nodes are normally supplied through batteries, hence a limited amount of energy is available and no breakthroughs are foreseen in a near future. In our design cycle we approach this issue through a methodology that allows analysing and optimising the power performances in a hierarchical fashion, encompassing various abstraction levels.

关键词：光机电；传感器；无线网络；优化

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Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are distributed systems composed of hundreds to thousands of low cost, battery-powered, and reduced-size devices, endowed with processing, sensing, and wireless communication capabilities. One major reason for the increasing interest in WSNs in the past few years is their potential pervading in application areas for which traditional networks are unsuitable. Instead of a deployment scenario in which few powerful sensing devices are linked by either wired connections or single-hop wireless connections, WSN nodes consist of multiple microsensors able of communicating and self-organizing in order to compose a wireless ad hoc network for meeting application demands.

关键词：光机电；传感器；能源效率；策略

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