Since 2007, PNNL has conducted Energy Efficiency Expert Evaluations (E4) field training and facility assessment in the Heartland Region (GSA Region 6) buildings to identify low-cost/no-cost opportunities that have the potential to reduce building energy use by up to 10 percent. Based on a follow-up study and feedback from operation and maintenance (O&M) staff, it was recognized that only 50 percent of the recommended measures were implemented and the lack of control systems expertise was often found to be a major challenge in following up on the E4 recommendations. Hence the region undertook a new initiative in 2011 to perform targeted E4 field audits to identify and assist O&M staff implement control system measures to realize the energy savings.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；节约能源；能源消耗

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A multiyear pilot energy efficiency retrofit project has been undertaken by Greenbelt Homes, Inc, (GHI) a 1,566 co-operative of circa 1930 and 1940 homes in Greenbelt, Maryland. The three predominant construction methods of the townhomes in the community are materials common to the area and climate zone including 8 in. concrete masonry unit (CMU) block, wood frame with brick veneer and wood frame with vinyl siding. GHI has established a pilot project that will serve as a basis for decision making for the rollout of a decade-long community upgrade program that will incorporate energy efficiency upgrades to the building envelope from the exterior and equipment with the modernization of other systems like plumbing, mechanical equipment, and cladding. The pilot project has three phases focused on identifying the added costs and energy savings benefits of energy efficiency features that are to be installed during a planned community-wide replacement program commencing in 2015.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；框架；水暖改造

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Multifamily deep energy retrofits (DERs) on relatively common building types are valuable research efforts for the U.S. Department of Energy's Building America Program. Such buildings represent great potential for energy savings, while providing valuable research-generated efficiency measures, cost-effectiveness metrics, and risk factor strategies to the multifamily housing industry. The Bay Ridge project comprises a base scope retrofit with a goal of achieving >30savings (relative to pre-retrofit), and a DER scope with a goal of 50savings (relative to pre-retrofit). The base scope was applied to the entire complex, except for one 12-unit building that underwent the DER scope. The design and construction phase of the Bay Ridge project is now complete, and this report summarizes the commissioning, short-term testing, and analysis that occurred before, during, and just after the actual retrofit. Findings from the implementation, commissioning, and short-term testing include air infiltration reductions of >60in the DER building; a savings to investment ratio of >1 from the hybrid heat pump system (relative to a high efficiency furnace), which also gives the resident an added incentive for energy savings; and duct leakage reductions of >60resulting from using an aerosolized duct sealing approach. Despite being a moderate rehab instead of a gut rehab, the Bay Ridge DER is currently projected to achieve energy savings .50compared to pre-retrofit levels, and the short-term testing supports this estimate. Long-term monitoring throughout 2012 will evaluate actual performance.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；能源节约；节能改造

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Energy efficiency retrofits (EERs) face many challenges on the path to scalability. Limited budgets, limited accessibility of envelope penetrations, cost effectiveness, and risk factors impact the type and the extent of measures that can be implemented feasibly to achieve energy savings goals. Group home retrofits can face additional challenges to those encountered in single-family homes, such as reduced access (occupant-in-place restrictions) and lack of incentives for occupant behavioral change. Building owners, operators, and other groups need to have a firm grasp on the feasibility and cost effectiveness of EERs to group homes. These stakeholders also need guidance regarding common risk factors and the potential impact on energy retrofit measures in addition to the impact of occupant behavior on building energy use. This is particularly the case for older buildings. This project studies the specification, implementation, and energy savings from an EER in a group home, with an energy savings goal of 30. This final report chronicles the retrofit measures specified, their cost effectiveness based on pre-retrofit and post-retrofit utility bill analysis, and the test results that were used to characterize pre-retrofit and post-retrofit conditions.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；能源节约；能源消耗

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This report provides analysis of the Russian energy efficiency market for the building sector from the perspective of U.S. businesses interested in exporting relevant technologies, products and experience to Russia. We aim to help U.S. energy efficiency and environmental technologies businesses to better understand the Russian building market to plan their market strategy.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；建筑；技术

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A wide range of polymers were prepared from biomass-derivatives, using different polymerization mechanisms. Well-defined, fully hydroxy-functional polyesters based on aliphatic diols were synthesized, using either conventional metal-based catalysts or the organic superbase 1,5,7-triazabicyclododecene (TBD). Unsaturated polyesters were also made, offering additional functionality to these biobased resins. Metal-catalyzed or enzymatic ring-opening polymerization of macrolactones afford novel, renewable materials with good mechanical properties similar to those of polyethylene. In addition to polyesters, aliphatic polycarbonates based on 1,4:3,6-dianhydrohexitols (DAH) were prepared, which proved very suitable for application in thermosetting coating systems. Polyamides from sebacic acid, 1,4-diaminobutane and diaminoisoidide are very interesting polymers, in which the diaminoisoidide residues cocrystallize in the polyamide 4.10 matrix. Another type of polymers studied were the polyurethanes. Thermoplastic polyurethanes and polyureas from biomass can be effectively synthesized through either isocyanate-based or isocyanate-free strategies. Also, poly(ester/carbonate urethane) networks from renewable polymer resins are very promising systems for coating applications. The chemical, thermal and mechanical properties of the mentioned biobased polymers could be tuned by varying the molecular structure, the composition, the end-group functionality and the molecular weight.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；生物质能；聚合物；可再生材料

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The purpose of this study is to provide information about railroad fuel efficiency that may be useful in evaluating transportation energy policies and assessing the sustainability of potential projects. The specific objectives are to (1) develop railroad energy efficiency models that describe differences in fuel economy among classes of trains and commodities; (2) apply these models to a wide range of movements to estimate fuel efficiency ratings for coal, grain, iron ore, food products, and other key commodities; (3) develop comparable procedures for estimating truck and waterway fuel consumption; and (4) compare rail, truck, and waterway energy efficiencies. The focus on railroads in this study is appropriate, because many of the alternatives to highway investment involve railroad transportation or multimodal options.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；铁路油耗；铁路能源研究

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关键词：新能源与高效节能；生物质能；能源储存；能源需求

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Water and wastewater systems are significant energy consumers with an estimated 3-4of total U.S. electricity consumption used for the movement and treatment of water and wastewater. Water-energy issues are of growing importance in the context of water shortages, higher energy and material costs, and a changing climate. In this economic environment, it is in the best interest for utilities to find efficiencies, both in water and energy use. Performing energy audits at water and wastewater treatment facilities is one way community energy managers can identify opportunities to save money, energy, and water. In this paper the importance of energy use in wastewater facilities is illustrated by a case study of a process energy audit performed for Crested Butte, Colorado's wastewater treatment plant. The energy audit identified opportunities for significant energy savings by looking at power intensive unit processes such as influent pumping, aeration, ultraviolet disinfection, and solids handling. This case study presents best practices that can be readily adopted by facility managers in their pursuit of energy and financial savings in water and wastewater treatment. This paper is intended to improve community energy managers understanding of the role that the water and wastewater sector plays in a community's total energy consumption. The energy efficiency strategies described provide information on energy savings opportunities, which can be used as a basis for discussing energy management goals with water and wastewater treatment facility managers.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；能源审计；能源消耗；能源管理

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This project evaluates the renovation of a 5,800-ft2, multiuse facility located in St. Petersburg, on the west coast of central Florida, in the hot-humid climate. An optimal package of retrofit measures was designed to deliver 30-40annual energy cost savings for this building with annual utility bills exceeding $16,000 and high base load consumption. Researchers projected energy cost savings for potential retrofit measures based on pre-retrofit findings and disaggregated, weather-normalized utility data. A cost-benefit analysis was conducted for the seven retrofit measures implemented; adding attic insulation and sealing soffits, tinting windows, improving whole-building airtightness, upgrading heating and cooling systems and retrofitting the air distribution system, replacing water heating systems, retrofitting lighting, and replacing laundry equipment. Based on additional data collected from a post-retrofit audit, the projected energy cost savings for the full retrofit package are 35; projected annual energy cost savings are $5,375. Projections using full measure costs indicate that the lighting retrofit and window film measures yield the highest savings to investment ratios. However, when considering only incremental costs, the high-efficiency heating and air conditioning systems presented the strongest savings to investment ratio. The buildings architectural characteristics, vintage, and occupancy profile presented challenges from a simulation perspective and from an audit/data collection perspective to optimize a retrofit measure package and resulting economic projection. This report addresses these challenges in an effort to assist contractors and energy auditors implementing deep-energy retrofits in structures with characteristics that are similar to the subject building. The report also includes a true-up methodology that aligns pre-retrofit utility data with simulation weather data, a technique that is useful for modeling energy efficiency retrofits in general.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；空调系统；照明系统

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