Computing hardware, data-acquisition systems, communications systems, and many electronic control systems require well-controlled timing signals for proper and accurate operation. These signals are, in most cases, provided by circuits that employ crystal oscillators due to availability, cost, ease of operation, and accuracy. In some cases, the electronic systems are expected to survive and operate under harsh conditions that include exposure to extreme temperatures. These applications exist in terrestrial systems as well as in aerospace products. Well-logging, geothermal systems, and industrial process control are examples of ground-based applications, while distributed jet engine control in aircraft, space-based observatories (such as the James Webb Space Telescope), satellites, and lunar and planetary landers are typical environments where electronics are exposed to harsh operating conditions. To ensure these devices produce reliable results, the digital heartbeat from the oscillator must deliver a stable signal that is not affected by external temperature or other conditions. One such solution is a recently introduced commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) oscillator, the PX-570 series from Vectron International. The oscillator was designed for high-temperature applications and as proof, the crystal oscillator was subjected to a wide suite of tests to determine its ruggedness for operation in harsh environments. The tests performed by Vectron included electrical characterization under wide range of temperature, accelerated life test/aging, shock and vibration, internal moisture analysis, ESD threshold, and latch-up testing. The parametric evaluation was performed on the oscillator's frequency, output signal rise and fall times, duty cycle, and supply current over the temperature range of -125 C to +230 C.

关键词：晶体振荡器;表征;加工;高温环境下;高温试验;振动试验，热循环试验

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The Hydrogen Macro System Model (MSM) is a simulation tool that links existing and emerging hydrogen-related models to perform rapid, cross-cutting analysis. It allows analysis of the economics, primary energy-source requirements, and emissions of hydrogen production and delivery pathways.

关键词：制氢；能源系统；先进的推进系统；仿真

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Post-deposition hydrogenation by remote plasma significantly improves performance of heteroepitaxial silicon (Si) solar cells. Heteroepitaxial deposition of thin crystal Si on sapphire for photovoltaics (PV) is an excellent model system for developing the PV technology platform of film c-Si on inexpensive Al2O3-coated (100) biaxially-textured metal foils. Without hydrogenation PV conversion efficiencies are less than 1in our model system, due to carrier recombination at electrically-active dislocations and other growth defects. Hydrogenation dramatically improves performance, with low-temperature hydrogenation at 350C being more effective than hydrogenation at 610C. Spectral quantum efficiency, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), and vibrational Si-Hx Raman spectroscopy measurements elucidate the effects of hydrogenation on the materials and devices. Quantum efficiency increases at wavelengths >400 nm, indicating hydrogenation is mostly affecting the bulk of the cells. SIMS detects nearly 100 times more hydrogen atoms in our cells than available dangling bonds along all dislocations. Yet, Raman spectroscopy indicates that only low temperature hydrogenation creates Si-Hx bonds; trapped hydrogen does not stably passivate dangling-bond recombination sites at high temperatures.

关键词：太阳能电池;缺陷;脱位;加氢;光电转换

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This project dealt with the development of a range of educational resources dealing with wind energy and wind energy integration in the electric grid. These resources were developed for a variety of audiences including; a) high school student, b) undergraduate electrical engineering students, c) graduate electrical engineering students, and d) practicing engineers in industry. All the developed material is available publicly and the courses developed are being taught at the two participating universities, Arizona State University and Iowa State University.

关键词：发电机；风力发电；电力系统；电气工程

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The current scope of scientific knowledge regarding the presence and behavior of bats offshore is restricted by a variety of physical and logistical constraints. These constraints are largely associated with the general inability to directly observe activities of nocturnal species that occur over large expanses of open water; our current limited understanding of individual species distributions and movements over land; and a general lack of existing scientific inquiry on the subject to date. At the same time, certain bat activity patterns and incidences of mortality at terrestrial wind facilities are comparatively better understood. Concerns over population-wide impacts to bats associated with commercial wind facility mortality, habitat loss, and, in particular, the continued spread of White-Nose Syndrome have in the meantime prompted the US Fish and Wildlife Service to consider expanding the current list of federally protected bat species. Similarly, interest to increase our collective understanding of bat activities in offshore regions is expanding among federal and state resource agencies as efforts intensify to develop offshore energy sources. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) manages the exploration and development of the nation's offshore resources and is responsible for authorizing renewable energy activities on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). On the Atlantic, BOEMs jurisdiction on the OCS generally begins 3 nautical miles (nm) off the coast and extends at least 200 nm from the coast. In an effort to enhance the current knowledge base, BOEM requested Stantec develop a baseline record of bats occurring in the offshore environment. Existing opportunities to obtain and quantitatively analyze comparative data from sites on the OCS was restricted to a single site (a buoy) on the OCS. Consequently, the analyses presented are based on available data sets and in accordance with inland, coastal, and offshore as defined in this report. We anticipate a future analysis of activity within BOEM jurisdiction on the OCS will become available in the near term as additional shipboard and buoy data references become available.

关键词：风能;海上钻探;风;蝙蝠的相互作用;能源

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To better access the abundant offshore wind resource, efforts are being made across the world to develop and improve floating offshore wind turbine technologies. A critical aspect of creating reliable, mature floating wind turbine technology is the development, verification, and validation of efficient computer-aided-engineering (CAE) tools. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has created FAST, a comprehensive, coupled analysis CAE tool for floating wind turbines, which has been verified and utilized in numerous floating wind turbine studies. Several efforts are underway to validate the floating platform functionality of FAST to complement its already validated aerodynamic and structural simulation capabilities. The research employs the 1/50th-scale DeepCwind wind/wave basin model test dataset, which was obtained at the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN) in 2011. This paper describes further work being undertaken to continue this validation. These efforts focus on FASTs ability to replicate global response behaviors associated with dynamic wind forces and second-order difference frequency wave-diffraction forces separately and simultaneously.

关键词：风能;风力发电机;衍射;频率波

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Researchers and technicians from Sonoma Technology Inc. (STI), University of Colorado at Boulder (CU), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and Louisiana State University (LSU), with scientific input from the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) and a Scientific Review Board,1 developed an atmospheric boundary layer environmental observations program on an offshore platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Specifically, in October 2010, meteorological and oceanographic sensors were deployed for approximately 18 months on a Chevron service platform about 12.4 miles (20 km) south of Terrebonne Bay, Louisiana, to collect atmospheric boundary layer and sea surface data. The ocean depth at this location was 20.5 m. Observations from this project consist of surface meteorology; marine boundary layer winds; vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, relative humidity, and liquid water; cloud base heights; atmospheric boundary layer height; ocean temperature; ocean surface temperature; ocean wave height and frequency; downwelling (shortwave) solar and infrared (longwave) radiation; and lower atmospheric boundary layer momentum and heat fluxes. The primary goals of this program were to collect and deliver data to support future work to (1) improve our understanding of boundary layer processes and air-sea interaction over the Gulf of Mexico; (2) improve small and regional-scale meteorological and air quality modeling; and (3) provide a framework for advanced offshore measurements to support future needs such as emergency response, exploration and lease decisions, wind energy research and development, and meteorological and air quality forecasting.

关键词：气象，空气质量模型;大气温度预测，海洋学数据

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This test was conducted as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Independent Testing project. This project was established to help reduce the barriers of wind energy expansion by providing independent testing results for small turbines. Several turbines were selected for testing at the National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) as a part of the Small Wind Turbine Independent Testing project. Safety and function testing is one of up to five tests that may be performed on the turbines. Other tests include power performance, duration, acoustic noise, and power quality. The test equipment included a SWIFT wind turbine manufactured by Renewable Devices mounted on a 13.7-meter free-standing monopole tied to the grid through a Kaco Blueplanet 1502x inverter. The turbine was provided by Cascade Engineering of Grand Rapids, Michigan. Cascade Engineering is the North American distributor of the SWIFT turbine and a DOE grant recipient. The system was installed by the NWTC Site Operations group with guidance and assistance from Cascade Engineering.

关键词：风力涡轮机;功能试验;性能评价;测试;风电

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A primary objective of NASA's Prediction of Worldwide Energy Resource (POWER) project is to adapt and infuse NASA's solar and meteorological data into the energy, agricultural, and architectural industries. Improvements are continuously incorporated when higher resolution and longer-term data inputs become available. Climatological data previously provided via POWER web applications were three-hourly and 1x1 degree latitude/longitude. The NASA Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data set provides higher resolution data products (hourly and 1/2x1/2 degree) covering the entire globe. Currently POWER solar and meteorological data are available for more than 30 years on hourly (meteorological only), daily, monthly and annual time scales. These data may be useful to several renewable energy sectors: solar and wind power generation, agricultural crop modeling, and sustainable buildings. A recent focus has been working with ASHRAE to assess complementing weather station data with MERRA data. ASHRAE building design parameters being investigated include heating/cooling degree days and climate zones.

关键词：气象参数；可再生能源；时间序列分析；气象；气候

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关键词：储氢;电子收费设备;空气;原子;石墨

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