A comparison of satellite-derived solar resource with nine high-quality, ground-based solar radiation measurements from NOAA's Surface Radiation (SURFRAD) Network, the Integrated Surface Insolation Study (ISIS) Network, the Solar Radiation Research Laboratory (SRRL) at NREL, and DOE's Solar Resource and Meteorological Assessment Project (SOLRMAP) program was conducted. The comparison was made using data from 2009 for various locations. Our results showed that the satellite-based method underpredicted both global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and direct normal irradiance (DNI). GHI values were underestimated by about 13to 22for the stations located in a desert environment, such as Desert Rock, Nevada, and SOLRMAP stations located around southwest Nevada and Arizona. We found that the Satellite Algorithm for Shortwave Radiation Budget (SASRAB) radiative transfer model caused the underprediction of GHI and DNI, especially in clear-sky situations and low zenith angles (around solar noon). Using other radiative transfer algorithms reduced the bias from SASRAB, and it is expected that the accuracy of the satellite-based product will significantly improve with the introduction of a high-quality, radiative transfer model. Future work will aim to reduce the biases by using better input parameters and applying these parameters to a better, simple, clear-sky radiative transfer model that properly accounts for the parameters.

关键词：太阳能；NOAA；物理反演方法；验证；表面辐射

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Cofiring of biomass and coal at electrical generation facilities is gaining in importance as a means of reducing fossil fuel consumption, and more than 40 facilities in the United States have conducted test burns. Given the large size of many coal plants, cofiring at even low rates has the potential to utilize relatively large volumes of biomass. This could have important forest management implications if harvest residues or salvage timber are supplied to coal plants. Other feedstocks suitable for cofiring include wood products manufacturing residues, woody municipal wastes, agricultural residues, short-rotation intensive culture forests, or hazard fuel removals. Cofiring at low rates can often be done with minimal changes to plant handling and processing equipment, requiring little capital investment. Cofiring at higher rates can involve repowering entire burners to burn biomass in place of coal, or in some cases, repowering entire powerplants. Our research evaluates the current status of biomass cofiring in North America, identifying current trends and success stories, types of biomass used, coal plant sizes, and primary cofiring regions. We also identify potential barriers to cofiring. Results are presented for more than a dozen plants that are currently cofiring or have recently announced plans to cofire.

关键词：生物质能；煤炭；化石燃料；森林；燃油消耗

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Technical concerns with integrating higher penetrations of photovoltaic (PV) systems include grid stability, voltage regulation, power quality (voltage rise, sags, flicker, and frequency fluctuations), and protection and coordination. The current utility grid was designed to accommodate power flows from the central generation source to the transmission system and eventually to the distribution feeders. At the distribution level, the system was designed to carry power from the substation toward the load. Renewable distributed generation, particularly solar PV, provides power at the distribution level challenging this classical paradigm. As these resources become more commonplace the nature of the distribution network and its operation is changing to handle power flow in both directions. A large portion of distribution system components, including voltage regulators and protection systems, were not designed to coordinate with bidirectional power flow and bidirectional fault currents from distributed generation and PV systems in particular. Coordinating these devices in the presence of high penetration PV areas introduces additional challenges to feasibility and system impact studies. Some cases require modification of existing protection schemes, additional distribution equipment, or reactive power requirements on the PV inverters. This report is focused on large PV installations in which penetration is significantly greater than 15of maximum daytime feeder load. To date the impact on the electric utility and its customers has not been problematic in any of these cases. The PV system installations described in this report exceeds what most experts consider high penetration scenarios. The voltage, power quality, and other operating parameters have been maintained within the required ranges with minimal negative impact on distribution operations and utility customers. These case studies are intended to demonstrate success stories with integration of large PV plants at the distribution level as well as some of the solutions used by the utility to ensure safe, reliable operation of both the PV system and the distribution network.

关键词：太阳能；高渗透光伏；研究报告

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Since a control loop may exhibit poor performance for various reasons, it is not only important to detect poor performance, but the challenge is to trace the bad performance to its root cause. Not only controller design and tuning but also other elements in the control systems, such as sensors and actuators, are often responsible for the poor performance. There are many reasons for poor control performance, which can be detected using specialised methods and indices, without requiring the knowledge of time delays or model identification.

关键词：控制器；振荡控制；回路检测

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The parameters matching of the hybrid powertrain system of the hybrid electric vehicle has a directly impact on the performance of the vehicle dynamic and the fuel economy.The preliminary match of the powertrain system base on analysis of Driving Cycle is done,then the software of AVL-Cruise and Matlab are integrated with Isight to optimize parameters of match,by using the Multi-Island GA and NLPQL to establish the combinatorial optimization algorithm.The results show that the fuel economy have been improved by 10.92％ without sacrificing the dynamic performance and under the premise of ensuring the limits of the state of charge of battery.

关键词：电动汽车；并联式；混合动力；系统匹配；系统优化

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Indeed, understanding this variation may be a first step towards the improvement of controller performance. Since variation is present in any process, deciding when the variation is natural and when it needs correction is the key to monitor control performance using SPC. In this context, it should be stressed that SPC is a monitoring rather than control technique because no automatic corrective action is taken after an abnormal process situation is detected. SPC can be traced back to Walter Shewhart, who introduced the use of SPC control charts in the 1920s for adapting management processes to create profitable situations for both businesses and consumers. Today, SPC has become more than control charting alone; it is an umbrella term for the set of activities and methods for data analysis and quality control. This chapter contains a brief description of selected SPC techniques: Sect. 8.1 presents some control charts typically used in univariate SPC; multivariate SPC methods are given in Sect. 8.2.

关键词：控制器；统计过程

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Synthetic and biomass fueling are now considered to be near-term aviation alternate fueling. The major impediment is a secure sustainable supply of these fuels at reasonable cost. However, biomass fueling raises major concerns related to uses of common food crops and grasses (some also called weeds) for processing into aviation fuels. These issues are addressed, and then halophytes and algae are shown to be better suited as sources of aerospace fuels and transportation fueling in general. Some of the history related to alternate fuels use is provided as a guideline for current and planned alternate fuels testing (ground and flight) with emphasis on biofuel blends. It is also noted that lessons learned from terrestrial fueling are applicable to space missions. These materials represent an update (to 2009) and additions to the Workshop on Alternate Fueling Sustainable Supply and Halophyte Summit at Twinsburg, Ohio, October 17 to 18, 2007.

关键词：飞机燃料；合成燃料；生物量；农作物；生物质能

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The structure design and pressure control of electro-hydraulic braking system (EHB) is essential for electric vehicles,which is critical to the braking energy recovery and vehicle stability control.In this paper,the overall structure of the electro-hydraulic braking system is analyzed,and classification method according to how the braking pedal is decoupled with the braking pressure is proposed.Through the PID control method to achieve pressure following control,it lays the foundation for electric vehicle stability control.

关键词：电动汽车；电液制动；压力控制系统

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The battery quick exchange mode is an effective solution to resolve the battery charging problem of electric vehicle.For the electric vehicle battery distribution network with the battery quick exchange mode,the distribution model and algorithm are researched; the general mathematical model to take delivery of the vehicle routing problem with time window (VRP-SDPTW) is established.By analyzing the relationship between the main variables,structure priority function of the initial population,a new front crossover operator,swap mutation operator and reverse mutation operator are designed,and an improved genetic algorithm solving VRP-SDPTW is constructed.The algorithm could overcome the traditional genetic algorithm premature convergence defects.The example shows that the improved genetic algorithm can be effective in the short period of time to obtain the satisfactory solution of the VRP-SDPTW.

关键词：电动汽车；车辆路径问题；物流分配算法

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Advantages of sliding mode control (SMC). It is well known that SMC is a robust method to control nonlinear and uncertain systems which has attrac-tive features to keep the system insensitive to the uncertainties on the sliding surface. The conventional SMC design approach consists of two steps. First, a sliding manifold is designed such that the system trajectory along the man-ifold acquires certain desired properties. Then, a discontinuous controller is designed such that the system trajectories reach the manifold in finite time. As a general design tool for control systems, SMC has been well established, and the primary advantages of which are: Ⅰ) fast response and good transient performance; Ⅱ) robustness against a large class of perturbations or model uncertainties; and Ⅲ) the possibility of stabilizing some complex nonlinear systems which are difficult to be stabilized by continuous state feedback laws.

关键词：控制器；飞行器；复合控制

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