This report summarizes the activities conducted at the Center for Micro Air Vehicle Studies (CMAVS) from 2010 to 2013. The Center was formed to serve the needs of the Air Force in fundamental research and development of micro airplanes for indoor and urban areas. CMAVS organizational focuses include: (1) rapid manufacturing for hands-on development of flight worthy Micro Air Vehicles (MAVs); (2) assisting research groups at AFRL in manufacturing different MAV parts; (3) testing new innovation and ideas for further MAV development, and (4) training students in advanced manufacturing techniques.

关键词：先进制造技术;空军;遥控飞行器;航空器;中心微型飞行器的研究

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The multi-angle implementation of atmospheric correction (MAIAC) algorithm makes aerosol retrievals from MODIS data at 1 km resolution providing information about the fine scale aerosol variability. This information is required in different applications such as urban air quality analysis, aerosol source identification etc. The quality of high resolution aerosol data is directly linked to the quality of cloud mask, in particular detection of small (sub-pixel) and low clouds. This work continues research in this direction, describing a technique to detect small clouds and introducing the smoke test to discriminate the biomass burning smoke from the clouds. The smoke test relies on a relative increase of aerosol absorption at MODIS wavelength 0.412 micrometers as compared to 0.47-0.67 micrometers due to multiple scattering and enhanced absorption by organic carbon released during combustion. This general principle has been successfully used in the OMI detection of absorbing aerosols based on UV measurements. This paper provides the algorithm detail and illustrates its performance on two examples of wildfires in US Pacific North-West and in Georgia/Florida of 2007.

关键词：生物质燃烧，烟雾；云（气象）；大气校正；MODIS（辐射测量）；生物质能

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Region 5, in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Atlas Industrial Park in Duluth, Minnesota, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. Under the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, the EPA provided funding to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) to support a feasibility study of solar renewable energy generation at the Atlas Industrial Park. NREL provided technical assistance for this project but did not assess environmental conditions at the site beyond those related to the performance of a photovoltaic (PV) system. The purpose of this study is to assess the site for a possible PV installation and estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV configurations. In addition, the study evaluates financing options that could assist in the implementation of a PV system at the site. The feasibility of a PV project depends greatly on both site-specific and economic factors. Site-specific factors include the available area for an array, solar resource, distance to transmission lines, and distance to major roads. In addition, the operating status, ground conditions, and restrictions associated with redevelopment of contaminated sites impact the feasibility of a PV system. Economic factors include purchase price of the electricity produced, power purchase agreement (PPA) price, and retail electric rates along with federal, state, and utility incentives for PV systems. The Atlas Industrial Park is a 62-acre brownfield site currently undergoing remediation and redevelopment. The Duluth Economic Development Authority (DEDA), which owns the property, is considering a 2-acre parcel for a PV installation as part of its redevelopment plan. Based on an assessment of the site conditions, the Atlas Industrial Park is suitable for deployment of a large-or small-scale PV system; however, the economics specific to the area currently limit the financial viability of a PV installation. Table ES-1 summarizes the performance and economics of the different PV systems and the development/financing options evaluated in this study. The table shows the annual energy output, the levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and the PPA price along with the payback period and cost of each system.

关键词：太阳能；光伏性能；可行性；环境保护

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In 2005 Focus: HOPE began working on a Technical Area Task to investigate advanced manufacturing in the area of Direct Deposition of Metal (DDM) for the Tank and Automotive Command (TACOM). In 2006, the scope was expanded to include basic research areas of Direct Deposition of Metal applicable to repairing military equipment and Focus: HOPE demonstrated the feasibility of conducting repairs on military equipment using Direct Deposition of Metal (Work Directive WD-FH-0001). The study also demonstrated that there could be a potential cost saving by repairing parts using DDM over purchasing new replacement parts. The overall project was extended in 2010 to provide additional time to conduct additional certification testing of repaired components and demonstrate the effectiveness of the parts repaired using Direct Deposition of Metal. For the present project, extensive studies were conducted on the metallurgical properties and bonding between the newly deposited metal and the parent metal substrate. The findings, results and conclusions of this process certification testing are provided in this report.

关键词：金属;军用物资;钢;拉伸性能;先进制造技术

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Cellulosic and woody biomass can be directly converted to hydrocarbon gasoline and diesel blending components through the use of integrated hydropyrolysis plus hydroconversion (IH2). The IH2 gasoline and diesel blending components are fully compatible with petroleum based gasoline and diesel, contain less than 1oxygen and have less than 1 total acid number (TAN). The IH2 gasoline is high quality and very close to a drop in fuel. The DOE funding enabled rapid development of the IH2 technology from initial proof-of-principle experiments through continuous testing in a 50 kg/day pilot plant. As part of this project, engineering work on IH2 has also been completed to design a 1 ton/day demonstration unit and a commercial-scale 2000 ton/day IH2 unit. These studies show when using IH2 technology, biomass can be converted directly to transportation quality fuel blending components for the same capital cost required for pyrolysis alone, and a fraction of the cost of pyrolysis plus upgrading of pyrolysis oil. Technoeconomic work for IH2 and lifecycle analysis (LCA) work has also been completed as part of this DOE study and shows IH2 technology can convert biomass to gasoline and diesel blending components for less than $2.00/gallon with greater than 90reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. As a result of the work completed in this DOE project, a joint development agreement was reached with CRI Catalyst Company to license the IH2 technology.

关键词：汽油；柴油燃料；加氢；石油；生物质能

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The seeder of rice bud-seed for field seedling raising is a new seedling equipment for field seedling raising,which is a complicated vibration system with multi-freedom.And the effect of the vibration parameters and interactions on the vibration velocity at different locations of the moving rail of two electromagnetic vibration metering devices which are installed side by side is large,and the passing rate of seeding is affected.In this paper,the virtual prototype of seeder of rice bud-seed for field seedling raising is established by ANSYS and ADAMS.The virtual prototype is developed to carry out dynamics simulation by using four-factor quadratic regression orthogonal rotary combination design.Mathematical models of influencing factors of vibration and variation coefficient of vibration velocity,and the factors and average velocity of seeding are established.The factors are optimized.And optimal combination of vibration influencing factors and the variation coefficient of vibration velocity interval with 95％ reliability are achieved.The result shows that optimal combination of factors is achieved under the condition that the excitation force amplitude is 39.8N,vibration frequency is 32.7Hz,the velocity is 58.5mm/s,stiffness of vibration isolating rubber pad is 1167N/mm.The corresponding variation coefficient of the vibration velocity is 6.287％,and the average seeding velocity is 18mm/s.The variation coefficient of the vibration velocity interval with 95％ reliability is from 2.909％ to 9.665％.

关键词：水稻;播种机;虚拟样机;振动速度的变异系数;先进制造技术

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in accordance with the RE-Powering America's Land initiative, selected the Sky Park Landfill site in Eau Claire, Wisconsin, for a feasibility study of renewable energy production. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) provided technical assistance for this project. The purpose of this report is to assess the site for a possible photovoltaic (PV) system installation and estimate the cost, performance, and site impacts of different PV options. In addition, the report recommends financing options that could assist in the implementation of a PV system at the site. This study did not assess environmental conditions at the site. The Sky Park Landfill is a 26-acre site located on the southwest side of Eau Claire, Wisconsin, near Highway 37 and I-94. The site operated as a municipal waste facility from 1948 until closure in 1965. The present site is capped and unused, except for a small area used for excess snow and storm damage vegetation storage. A majority of the site has dense vegetation, including trees, which would need to be removed should the entire site be developed for a solar array. The site is located in an industrial district with adjacent manufacturing, offices, and municipal facilities. The feasibility of a PV system is highly impacted by the available area for an array, solar resource, distance to transmission lines, and distance to major roads. In addition, the operating status, ground conditions, and restrictions associated with redevelopment of a closed and capped landfill site can impact the feasibility of a PV system. Based on an assessment of these technical factors, the Sky Park Landfill is suitable for deployment of a large-scale PV system, should a reasonable power purchase agreement (PPA) be secured for the electricity produced.

关键词：太阳能；光伏性能；可行性研究；美国；土地计划；重新选址

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In support of the Bioenergy Technologies Office, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) are undertaking studies of biomass conversion technologies to hydrocarbon fuels to identify barriers and target research toward reducing conversion costs. Process designs and preliminary economic estimates for each of these pathway cases were developed using rigorous modeling tools (Aspen Plus and Chemcad). These analyses incorporated the best information available at the time of development, including data from recent pilot- and bench-scale demonstrations, collaborative industrial and academic partners, and published literature and patents. This technology pathway case investigates converting woody biomass using ex-situ catalytic fast pyrolysis followed by upgrading to gasoline-, diesel-, and jet-range hydrocarbon blendstocks. Technical barriers and key research needs that should be pursued for this pathway to be competitive with petroleum-derived blendstocks have been identified.

关键词：生物质热解；催化剂；化学分析；转换；生物质能

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Recognizing that a vibrant advanced manufacturing sector is vital to the American economy and national security, President Obama has proposed a $1 billion investment in a National Network for Manufacturing Innovation program. The NNMI program has the goal of advancing American domestic manufacturing. This program will seek to accomplish this by creating a robust national innovation ecosystem anchored by up to fifteen Institutes for Manufacturing Innovation. The Administration is committed to working with Congress to authorize and fully fund the President's request for the NNMI program. This report and the proposed program design included herein aims to support Congressional authorization and provide a guide for future program implementation. The NNMI will fill a gap in the innovation infrastructure, allowing new manufacturing processes and technologies to progress more smoothly from basic research to implementation in manufacturing. The NNMI program has a scale and focus that is unique, and it is built upon concepts of a strong public-private partnership.

关键词：制造；技术创新；全国网络制造创新（NNMI）；先进制造技术

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One factor limiting the development of commercial biomass pyrolysis is challenges related to the transportation of the produced pyrolysis oil. The oil has different chemical and physical properties than crude oil, including more water and oxygen and has lower H/C ratio, higher specific gravity and density, higher acidity, and lower energy content. These differences could limit its ability to be transported by existing petroleum pipelines. Pyrolysis oil can also be treated, normally by catalytic hydrodeoxygenation, and approaches crude oil and petroleum condensates at higher severity levels. This improvement also results in lower liquid yield and high hydrogen consumption. Biomass resources for pyrolysis are expected to become plentiful and widely distributed in the future, mainly through the use of crop residuals and growing of energy crops such as perennial grasses, annual grasses, and woody crops. Crude oil pipelines are less well distributed and, when evaluated on a county level, could access about 18of the total biomass supply. States with high potential include Texas, Oklahoma, California, and Louisiana. In this study, published data on pyrolysis oil was compiled into a data set along with bio-source source material, pyrolysis reactor conditions, and upgrading conditions for comparison to typical crude oils. Data of this type is expected to be useful in understanding the properties and chemistry and shipment of pyrolysis oil to refineries, where it can be further processed to fuel or used as a source of process heat.

关键词：热解油;化学;管道;生物量;化学性质

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