The use of sonar by humans was first recorded by Leonardo da Vinci in 1490. Intense research on the concept of sonar technology as it is known today was prompted by the Titanic disaster of April 1912. During the World War I the need to detect submarines fueled more research for sonar development. Active sonar is used for civilian purposes like oil exploration activities, fishing, and hydrographic and nautical charting activities. Passive sonar is used in military activities. Active sonar generates a pulse of sound and listens for its reflections when the pulse hits an object. Passive sonar, on the other hand, listens without transmitting.

关键词：声纳；探测潜艇；主动声呐；民用目的；被动声纳；军事活动

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Sandia National Laboratories/New Mexico's (SNL/NM) Environmental Management System is the integrated approach for members of the workforce to identify and manage environmental risks. Each Fiscal Year (FY) SNL/NM performs an analysis to identify environmental aspects, and the environmental programs associated with them are charged with the task of routinely monitoring and measuring the objectives and targets that are established to mitigate potential impacts of SNL/NMs operations on the environment. An annual summary of the results achieved towards meeting established objectives and targets provides a connection to, and rational for, annually revised environmental aspects. The purpose of this document is to summarize the results achieved and documented in FY2012.

关键词：大气；空气污染；空气健康；空气防护

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The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP), through its Leadership Initiative for Transportation Solvency, in 2011 released Road to Recovery: Transforming America's Transportation, a report that proposed a new revenue mechanism to fund a reformed transportation program fully. The report recommends that Congress couple a per barrel oil fee with a variable, countercyclical gas tax. This paper discusses the dynamic impacts of CEIP's revenue policy on household travel behavior, revenue generation for the federal trust fund, energy consumption, equity, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and air pollution at the national level from 2008 to 2010. The analysis developed econometric models: a multiple vehicle miles traveled (VMT) regression model and a discrete vehicle ownership model. Model results showed that the CEIP revenue proposal could fill the revenue shortfall regardless of the world oil price. During the historic study period of 2008 to 2010, the CEIP policy would have collected up to more than double the federal revenue. At the same time, households would have increased their VMT by as much as 1.8% when oil prices peaked, and reduced their VMT by up to 8.6% when the crude oil price dropped to the lowest point. It is estimated that, without any investments or revenue recycling, lower-income households would have experienced a 0.45% to 0.5% reduction in consumer surplus changes measured as a percentage of income and higher-income households would have experienced a 0.06% to 0.1% reduction. Finally, it is estimated that the CEIP policy would have reduced air pollution and GHG emissions by an average 4% to 4.35% for different pollutant types.

关键词：大气；空气污染；税收政策

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Changes in customer preferences have prompted beauty and personal care industries to manufacture customized products for men. With advances in technology across industries, customers are no longer restricted to manual grooming products.

关键词：男士美容；美容产品；男士护肤

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Lubricant additives are those chemical compounds that are added to lubricants in order to improve the performance of the lubricant oil.

关键词：润滑油；润滑剂；化合物；工业机械

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Li-ion batteries have become common in devices such as laptops, smartphones, notebooks, and tablets because of their high energy density and charge and discharge capability.

关键词：锂离子电池；电动工具；锂离子电池应用；高能量密度

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A motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into usable mechanical energy. Motors are used in various applications such as industrial pumps, machine tools, power tools, and household appliances.

关键词：发电机；中压发电机；工业泵；机床

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MEA are advanced next-generation aircraft that use more electrical systems to reduce the nonpropulsive power systems such as mechanical, hydraulic, and pneumatic systems. This has resulted in a reduction in the weight of the aircraft, leading to a low cost of ownership, usage of less fuel, a reduction in emissions, increased reliability, and other added benefits.

关键词：MEA；电力系统；动力系统；机械；液压；气动

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Incineration is the process of combustion of organic and harmful substances present in municipal and industrial waste products. Incinerators are not only used as an effective waste management technique but can also be used for the generation of heat and electricity by the combustion of waste. The use of incinerators reduces 70% by mass and 90% by volume of the waste subjected to disposal. Moving grate, rotary kiln, static hearth, static furnace, multiple hearth, and fluidized bed are incinerators used by municipal and industrial sectors for waste disposal.

关键词：焚化；有机有害物质；燃烧；工业废物；有效的；废物管理

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ELISA is one of the most common laboratory technologies used to measure the concentration of analytes, such as antigen and antibodies, in a solution.

关键词：酶联免疫吸附试验；酶联免疫吸附法；ELISA

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