Psoriasis is a commonly diagnosed immune-mediated disease of the skin. In psoriasis, the skin grows fast and causes a build-up of red, thick white, or silvery patches. It modifies the normal cell cycle of the skin such that new cells move to the surface of the skin quickly to form patches called plaques. These plaques are commonly found on the knees, elbows, scalp, hand and feet. The condition mostly occurs among adults (18 years-35 years), but can also be seen in adolescents (12 years-18 years) and children (under 10 years). The etiology of psoriasis is unknown; however, it is believed to be an immune-mediated process and over-activity of the immune system can also cause inflammation, resulting in flaking of the skin. The disease aggravates during winters and in a dry climate. Other triggers of psoriasis are stress, smoking, consumption of alcohol, and certain medicines like antimalarial drugs, beta blockers, and antipsychotic drugs such as those prescribed for bipolar disorder. Some risk factors of psoriasis are a genetic history of psoriasis and obesity. Plaque psoriasis, guttate psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, pustular psoriasis, and erythrodermic psoriasis are the five different types of psoriasis.

A scar is a patch of fibrous tissue (containing a protein called collagen) that is formed over a wound as a consequence of the body's natural healing process. Scars are classified into keloid scars, contracture scars, hypertrophic scars, and atrophic scars based on the composition of collagen and appearance. Many non-invasive methods including chemical and physical treatment and invasive methods such as surgery are used to treat different types of scars.

The global chip manufacturing business is focused on reducing the semiconductor chip size and designs. This has been a trend in the semiconductor industry since 1965, with historical facts suggesting comprehensive growth of the market largely due to the continual reduction of cost per function performed by ICs. Growing improvements in the IC structure, i.e., increasing density of circuits, has resulted in compact and lowcost ICs. In addition, these devices gain better performance capabilities due to growing density (use of 3D architecture) that helps them execute a large number of functions at high speed with low power consumption. Thus, the demand for production equipment capable of producing advanced ICs in high volumes at the lowest possible cost is anticipated to grow during the forecast period.

Antibodies are the proteins produced by B-cells (in the bone marrow) in the immune system. These proteins attach themselves to antigens, which act as markers, and are then destroyed by phagocytes. B-cells produce different antibodies, which attach themselves to different sites of an antigen. mAbs are monospecific, as they are the clones of a single parent cell. They are complex proteins with high molecular weight, and were first developed in 1975 by Kohler and Milstein. mAbs are generally of three types, chimeric, humanized, and fully human, and are often used for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes.

Magnetic field sensors are devices used to sense and study the magnetic field around electrical devices, permanent magnets, and coils. These sensors are made of rotating sensor tip that measures transverse and longitudinal magnetic fields. Traditional magnetic field sensors facilitated navigation on oceans by sensing the magnetic poles of the Earth. Since then, the application of magnetic sensors has expanded to industrial use, for the detection of a magnetic field's strength, presence, and direction from soft magnets, permanent magnets, brain wave activity, vehicle disturbances, and fields generated from electric currents. Magnetic sensors are the primary navigation means for industrial control systems. The increasing demand for compact size, improved sensitivity, and compatibility to control systems has driven the need for magnetic field sensing technology.

Lyophilization or freeze drying is a dehydration process used to preserve perishable materials and transport them easily. It is an efficient method for drying various unstable, heat-sensitive, and aqueous products in various industries. The process is widely used in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to stabilize, store, and increase the shelf life of drug products and other biological molecules such as antibodies, proteins, hormones, enzymes, blood plasma, and bacteria-derived compounds, without affecting their internal physical structure. The process removes 95%-97% of the moisture or solvent from the products and provides a prolonged storage. Freeze drying also helps produce tablets or wafers for easy dosage administration.

Deodorants and antiperspirants are in high demand in developed regions such as the Americas and Western Europe. With consumers there increasingly opting for products that contain natural ingredients, manufacturers have been reformulating their products to cater to this requirement. In developing economies such as India and China, an increase in disposable income and improved hygiene standards have resulted in increased spending on personal hygiene products. The use of deodorants in India is predominantly centered around urban areas. Approximately 67% of the population is housed in village areas, which remain a largely untapped market for deodorant manufacturers. The growing implementation of daily grooming routines among teenagers and white collar professionals is also contributing to the sale of deodorant products.

Nanotechnology applications in global agribusiness are considered the new industrial revolution, and both developed and developing countries are investing in this technology to secure a sizeable market share. For instance, the US leads the world with an investment of $3.7 billion through its National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). The US is followed by Japan and the European Union (EU), which have both committed substantial funds with $750 million and $1.2 billion per year respectively.

由于日本国内将客户需求放在第一位，并受 JIT 生产方式的要求，提升装载率的难度不容忽视。