Testosterone replacement therapy, also called androgen replacement therapy, is typically used to treat hypogonadism. Testosterone, a hormone produced by the testes, is responsible for the development of secondary sexual characters in men. The levels of testosterone decrease gradually with age, but sometimes this decline is seen even in young men, leading to a condition known as hypogonadism. This can be tareated with external supply of testosterone in the form of gels, patches, injectables, or oral drugs.

The evolution of smart homes has given rise to a centralized control of systems installed in homes including: Environmental control systems (air conditioning, heating, and ventilation) Household appliances (washing machines, refrigerators, freezers, and microwaves) Consumer electronics (TV, gaming consoles, and audio-video equipment) Building components (curtains, windows, and doors) In a connected home, these systems are connected to a computer, tablet, or a smartphone through a wired or a wireless network to enhance remote accessibility. Ubiquitous homes understand the requirements of occupants based on their lifestyle and behavior, and, hence, respond in a particular manner.

The Global Initiative for Asthma, an organization that works with healthcare professionals and public health officials around the world to reduce asthma prevalence, morbidity, and mortality, defines asthma as a chronic disease wherein an individual experiences wheezing, shortness of breath, tightness in the chest, and coughing over a period of time. The symptoms worsen due to the increased secretion of mucus, bronchoconstriction, and the thickening of the walls of the airways, resulting in difficulty exhaling. According to the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, asthma is classified into four types: exercise induced, allergic, occupational, and childhood. The Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America further segments the disease into two categories, allergic and non-allergic. Asthma can be controlled using preventive medications, which should be administered regularly.

Transfer of heat is the exchange of thermal energy between physical objects depending on pressure and temperature. Transfer of heat is based on the principle of the first law of thermodynamics, which states that the total energy of a system is constant and energy can only be altered from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed. Heat transfer continues until the objects involved in the process reach a phase of thermal equilibrium, i.e., equivalent temperature. Heat transfer fluids are used to avoid overheating or cooling of substances. In a heat transfer process, the fluid is spread through the mechanical parts of the equipment, and by this process, heat is transferred from the higher temperature object to the lower temperature object.

Many types of lasers are available for commercial, medical, research, and industrial uses. They are usually described by different types of mediums, including solid state, gas, excimer, dye, and semiconductor. Lasers are characterized by the duration of laser emission.

A fiber laser is a different form of solid-state laser that uses a medium of fiber covering instead of a shaft. The fiber in fiber lasers uses more surface area to disperse the heat quite easily. The increasing need for compact components in a variety of industries is bringing lasers into applications. Lasers help in the miniaturization process by providing a highly focused beam that can process very small components. This focused beam has the advantage of reducing thermal effects during material processing, enabling easier processing of thinner and more delicate materials compared to other processes. Lasers allow for non-contact processing, so there is no tooling wear, and the beam can be quickly manipulated at a precise angle, resulting in high throughput processing.

Non-invasive fat reduction treatments are procedures that eliminate excess fat using non-surgical techniques. The main focus of these procedures is to focus on excess fat that is resistant to diet and exercise. Non-invasive fat reduction devices are based on therapies such as ultrasound therapy, low-level laser therapy, and RF therapy. Noninvasive fat reduction procedures can be performed by doctors of all specialties, and are not the domain of plastic surgeons and dermatologists only.

Medical membranes are majorly used for separation of the feed stream. The feed stream is passed through the membrane, which allows selective constituents to pass through, depending on its pore size, whereas others are stopped back on the surface of the membrane. The elements that pass through are known as permeate and the ones that are retained back are known as concentrate. Different types of membranes are used in the medical industry depending on the size of their pores. There are different types of membrane filtration technologies such as ultrafiltration, microfiltration, reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration. Other membrane technologies like membrane contractors, electro dialysis, and pervaporation are also used, but their market shares are smaller.