In the preceding Chap. 4, high energy photons were applied for device fabrication and, also, for the analysis of (photo)electrochemically modified silicon. In addition, the use of soft X-rays in the energetic analysis of metallo-proteins and in materials development was emphasized. The identification of the Gibbs phase triangle for the solar material CuInS_2 by a combination of X-ray diffraction and perturbed angular correlations. In the latter, radioactive "' In, incorporated during growth of the material, emits γ-quanta that can be used for identification of non-cubic phases.

关键词：电子信息；半导体；光子管理；晶体

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The major goal of our research during the previous funding period was togain the ability in electrochemical synthesis to precisely control compositions and morphologies of various oxide-based polycrystalline photoelectrodes in order to establish the composition-morphology- photoelectrochemical property relationships whilediscovering highly efficient photoelectrode.

关键词：电子信息；半导体；多晶；化学合成

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P2P systems provide a scalable solution for distributing large les in a network. The le is split into many chunks, and peers contact other peers to collect missing chunks to eventually complete the entire le. The so-called `rare chunk' phenomenon, where a single chunk becomes rare and prevents peers from completing the le, is a threat to the stability of such systems. A protocol that forces peers to download the rarest chunk in the network rst would solve this issue, however this solution requires global chunk availability information that is not readily available. We look for a distributed approximation to this solution. Although heuristics exist which perform well in practice, formal proofs of stability of such systems were lacking. In this document, we demonstrate a new system based on an approximate rare-chunk rule, allowing for completely distributed le sharing while retaining scalability and stability. We assume non-altruistic peers and the seed is required to make only a minimal contribution.

关键词：P2P系统；分布式大型LES网络；稳定性；罕见块规则

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While the Internet is designed to accommodate multipletransport and application layer protocols, a large andgrowing fraction of Internet traffic runs directly overHTTP. Observing that HTTP is poised to become thede-facto “narrow waist” of the modern Internet, thispaper asks whether an HTTP narrow waist, comparedwith the an IP-layer waist, facilitates a more evolvableInternet. Evolvability is highly desirable for the Internet,since communication patterns change must faster thanthe underlying infrastructure. Furthermore, the narrow waist plays in important role in enabling or preventingarchitectural evolvability. We argue that HTTP is highlyevolvable, due to (i) naming flexibility, (ii) indirectionsupport, and (iii) explicit middleboxes. We point toevolving uses of HTTP on today’s Internet, and designingour own publisher/subscribe service, HTTP RelayService (HTTP-RS), on top of HTTP.

关键词：HTTP协议；互联网；传输层；应用层

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A standard technique is to adopt a vocabulary of commutative operations; this avoids the risk of inconsistency due to message reordering. A more powerful approach was recently captured by the CALM theorem, which proves that logically monotonic programs are guaranteed to be eventually consistent.We show how the Bloom interpreter can be generalized to support efficient evaluation of lattice-based code using well-known strategies from logic programming. Finally, we use BloomL to develop several practical distributed programs.

关键词：A标准技术；基于格的代码；分布式程序

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Despite the move toward chip multiprocessing in the mid-2000s, the problem of machine energy consumption is still a prevalent and growing problem within the computing sector. To evaluate energy consumption at the application level,new microprocessor designs have now exposed a handful of hardware counters that are able to measure energy directly, avoiding many limitations of previous techniques.

关键词：芯片计数器；能量和功率测量；线性代数

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Modern storage systems employing quorum replication are often configured to use partial, non-strict quorums. These systems wait only for a subset of their replicas to respond to a request before returning an answer, without guaranteeing that read and write replica sets intersect. While these partial quorum mechanisms provide only basic eventual consistency guarantees, with no limit to the recency of data returned, these configurations are frequently “good enough” for practitioners given their latency benefits. In this work,we discuss why partial quorums are often acceptable in practice by analyzing the staleness of data they return. Extending prior work on strongly consistent probabilistic quorums and using models of Dynamo-style anti-entropy processes, we introduce Probabilistically Bounded Staleness (PBS) consistency, which provides expected bounds on staleness with respect to both versions and wall clock time. We derive a closed-form solution for versioned staleness and model real-time staleness for representative Dynamo-style systems under internet-scale production workloads. We quantitatively demonstrate why, in practice, eventually consistent systems employing partial quorums often serve consistent data.

关键词：现代存储系统；仲裁机制；法定人数

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Computer users trust web applications to protect their nancial transactions and online identities from attacks by cyber criminals. However, web applications today are riddled with security aws which can compromise the security of their web sessions. In this thesis, we address the problem of automatically nding and preventing script injection vulnerabilities, one of the most prominent classes of web application vulnerabilities at present. Speci cally, this thesis makes three contributions towards addressing script injection vulnerabilities. First, we propose two techniques that together automatically uncover script injection vulnerabilities in client-side JavaScript components of web applications without raising false positives. Second,we empirically study the use of sanitization, which is the predominant defense technique to prevent these attacks today. We expose two new classes of errors in the practical use of sanitization in shipping web applications and demonstrate weaknesses of emerging defenses employed in widely used web application frameworks. Third, we propose a type-based approach to automatically perform correct sanitization for applications authored in emerging web application frameworks. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework for a sanitizationfree defense against script injection vulnerabilities, which can form a robust second line of defense.

关键词：应用程序漏洞；新兴防御；第二行防御；脚本注入漏洞；安全

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Middleboxes are ubiquitous in today’s networks and perform a variety of important functions,In this paper, we analyze several natural packet scheduling algorithms for multiple resources and show that they have undesirable properties. We propose a new algorithm, Dominant Resource Fair Queuing (DRFQ), that retains the attractive properties that fair sharing provides for one resource.

关键词：中间件；加权公平分享链；资源公平队列

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The goal of this thesis is to study these trade-offs between the computational and statistical aspects of learning problems. This line of research results in several natural questions, some of which are partially addressed in this thesis and others present interesting challenges for future work.

关键词：交流；计算权衡；统计学；数据集；非结构化数据；大数据

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