High resolution calibrated near infrared (NIR) imagery of the Space Shuttle Orbiter was obtained during hypervelocity atmospheric re-entry of the STS-119, STS-125, STS-128, STS-131, STS-132, STS-133, and STS-134 missions. This data has provided information on the distribution of surface temperature and the state of the airflow over the windward surface of the Orbiter during descent. The thermal imagery complemented data collected with onboard surface thermocouple instrumentation. The spatially resolved global thermal measurements made during the Orbiter s hypersonic re-entry will provide critical flight data for reducing the uncertainty associated with present day ground-to-flight extrapolation techniques and current state-of-the-art empirical boundary-layer transition or turbulent heating prediction methods. Laminar and turbulent flight data is critical for the validation of physics-based, semi-empirical boundary-layer transition prediction methods as well as stimulating the validation of laminar numerical chemistry models and the development of turbulence models supporting NASA s next-generation spacecraft. In this paper we provide details of the NIR imaging system used on both air and land-based imaging assets. The paper will discuss calibrations performed on the NIR imaging systems that permitted conversion of captured radiant intensity (counts) to temperature values. Image processing techniques are presented to analyze the NIR data for vignetting distortion, best resolution, and image sharpness.

关键词：光机电；传感器；近红外线感应器；航天飞机

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This chapter presents a reliability model to quantitatively study the reliability of energy-efficient parallel disk systems equipped with the MAID technique. Note that MAID is a well-known effective energy saving schemes for parallel disk systems. It aims to skew I/O load toward a few disks so that the other disks can be transitioned to low power states to conserve energy. I/O load skewing techniques such as MAID inherently affect reliability of parallel disks because disks storing popular data tend to have high failure rates than disks storing cold data. To address the reliability issue in MAID, we developed single disk swapping strategies to improve disk reliability by alternating disks storing hot data with disks holding cold data. In addition, we introduced multiple disk swapping scheme to further improve reliability of MAID. Then, we quantitatively evaluated the impacts of the disk swapping strategies on reliability of MAID-based disk systems.

关键词：高效节能；可靠性模型；并行磁盘系统；磁盘交换策略

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This chapter introduced an energy-minimizing task scheduling strategy in distributed systems. The problem was formulated as an extension of the generalized assignment problem. Seven heuristics were proposed to solve this problem. All seven of these heuristics were greedy heuristics, namely, ObFun, Greedy-Min, Greedy-Deadline, Greedy-Max, MaxMin, MinMin StdDev, and MinMax Std-Dev. The seven heuristics were compared against each other with both small and large problem sizes. The simulation results showed that for small-sized problems, Greedy-Min, Greedy-Deadline, Greedy-Max, MinMin StdDev, and MinMax StdDev performed the best. For large-sized problems, ObFun had superior performance in terms of mean energy consumption and mean makespan against all of the other proposed heuristics.

关键词：高效节能；分布式系统；计算网格

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Owing to their size and heterogeneity, large-scale distributed systems require scalable, robust, fault-tolerant, and energy-efficient resource management infrastructures. This chapter presented ERIDIS: an Energy-efficient Reservation Infrastructure for large-scale Distributed Systems. ERIDIS is empowered to optimize the energy consumption of the computing and networking resources and to have a flexible and adaptive reservation management that satisfies user requirements through strict reservation policies.

关键词：高效节能；基础设施网格；资源管理

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To achieve the goal of the proposal, we created nano-structured surfaces to increase the pixel density and hence resolution of the opto- electronic sensor array by a factor of 3 in each direction, x and y. The proof of concept of this mathematical framework in the visible part of the optical spectrum was published in 2 journal articles (both published in Applied Physics Letters). In addition to this, we also experimentally applied the same concept to IR part of the optical spectrum and thus demonstrated the feasibility of our approach for IR focal plane arrays. these results will be presented at SPIE Defense, Security and Sensing Conference in April 2012.

关键词：光机电；传感器；共振亚波；分辨率

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Results obtained with the grant fall into several groupings: (a) Combinatorial conditions on the graphical representation of a two dimensional sensor network that will guarantee localizability of the network in the event of loss of any p sensors and/or q links in the network, for nonnegative integers p and q; (b) analysis of the effects of measurement error on the quality of localization of sensor positions in a sensor network, or more generally a target being localized; (c) the derivation of a measure, including algorithms for computing it, of the quality of connectivity of a network modeled by a graph with nodes and links, and in which the individual links are operative with defined a priori probabilities, and the probability that any one link is operative is independent of the probability that any other link is operative; (d) connectivity and capacity of networks with randomly positioned nodes and probabilistic channel models; (e) Doppler localization problems and miscellaneous multi-agent problems.

关键词：光机电；传感器；智能；网络系统

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In this chapter, we demonstrated how we can embrace the memory wall to address the power wall for scientific computing. We proposed a software approach that provides the active-state power management of the CPU by means of DVFS and takes advantage of sublinear performance scaling in non-CPU activities. In detail, we presented a DVFS algorithm called the β-adaptation algorithm. This PMU-assisted, interval-based algorithm uses a compute-boundedness metric called β to capture the effect of sublinear performance scaling. By design, the algorithm minimizes its dependence on the PMU, which is essential for the portability of the algorithm.

关键词：高效节能；拥抱内存墙；科学计算

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The development of validated multidisciplinary Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) tools, technologies, and techniques to enable detection, diagnosis, prognosis, and mitigation in the presence of adverse conditions during flight will provide effective solutions to deal with safety related challenges facing next generation aircraft. The adverse conditions include loss of control caused by environmental factors, actuator and sensor faults or failures, and damage conditions. A major concern in these structures is the growth of undetected damage (cracks) due to fatigue and low velocity foreign impacts that can reach a critical size during flight, resulting in loss of control of the aircraft. Hence, development of efficient methodologies to determine the presence, location, and severity of damage in critical structural components is highly important in developing efficient structural health management systems.

关键词：光机电；传感器；结构管理；表征破坏

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New geolocation methods are needed that will allow accurate location of LPI emitters despite low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and multipath propagation. To address this recent work has provided a single-stage localization method called Direct Position Determination (DPD). However, all its computation is concentrated at one computing node. We developed several methods to remedy this problem. To provide even better performance in these challenging real-world scenarios we developed a one-stage TDOA/FDOA localization method based on spatial sparsity of emitters. The proposed sparsity-based method has better performance (especially in multi-path and multi-emitter cases) compared to direct position determination (DPD) and two- stage Classic localization methods.

关键词：光机电；传感器；电子情报；开发

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In this chapter, we have motivated the development of energy-aware job placement in clusters, grids, and clouds. After describing current computing infrastructures, state-of-the-art techniques for making these infrastructures energy efficient, and current resource management approaches, we have identified the challenges underlying the energy-aware job placement problem. We have reviewed relevant works in the literature that attempt to tackle some of these challenges, and detailed one particular approach. Finally, we have discussed remaining limits and outstanding opportunities. Beyond the need to address remaining scientific and technical challenges, we have demonstrated that there are today strong incentives for energy-aware job placement algorithms to be integrated in production systems.

关键词：高效节能；集群；网格；云

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