Electricity consumer demand response and load control are playing an increasingly important role in the development of a smart grid. Smart grid load management technologies such as Grid Friendly? controls and real-time pricing are making their way into the conventional model of grid planning and operations. However, the behavior of load both affects, and is affected by load control strategies that are designed to support electric grid planning and operations. This chapter discussed the natural behavior of electric loads, how it interacts with various load control and demand response strategies, what the consequences are for new grid operation concepts and the computing issues these new technologies raise.

关键词：智能电网；电力消费需求；负荷管理技术；电网规划

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Wind power is an important type of renewable energy sources.In this passage we will apply Life Cycle Assessment to analyze the four stages of wind power generation, which are production of raw materials, transportation, build-operate process of wind plants and demolition stages, calculate the energy consumption and the environmental impact, set a contrastive analysis between coal-fired power plants and wind power plants.We will take WangHaiSi Wind Plant in Faku, Shenyang as an example to show the difference between the two ways of getting power.The analysis shows that: in comparison with coal-fired generation, wind power generation saves more energy and reduces emissions of pollutants markedly; the main energy consumption comes from production of raw materials, which takes 79.3％ of the total energy consumption throughout the life cycle.In the meantime, the large amount of ecological resources consumption from construction, operation and maintenance of wind plants leads to mass emission of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, which respectively take 67.3％ and 96.6％ of total emissions.Besides, wind generation only accounts for 0.93％, 0.89％ and 2.72％ of energy consumption, global warming potential (GWP) and acid potential (AP) of coal-fired power generation.Thus, it proved that wind power generation has lesser impacts on environment than coal-fired power generation.However, it is still of great necessity to strengthen the environmental protection measures to reduce the consumption and destroy of ecologic resources.

关键词：LCA；风力发电；对比分析；环境影响评估

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The F. tularensis medical countermeasure model presented here allows users to explore how medical countermeasures (MCM) can impact the course of the disease, mortality, and loss of work. The model is designed to allow users to input information about exposure and countermeasures, run a simulation and display outputs. The parameters describing disease outcomes for patients with no MCM that underlie the model are informed by parameters established by Curling et al, while the parameters describing the efficacy of MCM were established specifically for this project using publicly available data from human and animal studies. This stochastic model allows users to input data about each exposed individual including the number of bacteria inhaled, vaccination status, timing and duration of antibiotic post-exposure prophylaxis, and treatment status and timing. After the model is run, the output tab displays the outcome for each individual. The graph tab provides a summary of the results, including the percent of individuals that die, recover, or never develop illness, as well as the time distributions of symptom onset and death. The sample results included in this report demonstrate how MCM can impact the number of casualties, the timing of the disease, and the number of days of work lost. Users of the model can explore additional scenarios by modifying the dose and MCM inputs.

关键词：医药；土拉弗朗西斯菌；免疫；兔热病；抗生素

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Reference Network Models (RNMs) are large-scale distribution network planning tools. RNMs can be used by policy makers and regulators to estimate efficient distribution costs. This is a very challenging task, particularly being network planning a combinatorial problem, which is especially difficult to solve due to the vast size of the distribution areas, and the use of several voltage levels. This chapter presents the main features of RNMs developed by the authors, including high performance requirements related to the type and size of the problem. The model can be used to plan distribution networks either from scratch or incrementally from existing grids. Different case studies illustrate the applicability of these models to the assessment of the impact of massive deployment of renewable distributed generation, demand response actions, and plug-in electric vehicle penetration on distribution costs. The results obtained provide valuable information to guide strategic policy-making decisions regarding the implementation of renewable energy programs and smart grid initiatives.

关键词：智能电网；参考网络模型；可再生能源；网络规划

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Synthetic biologists must comb through vast amounts of academic literature to design biological systems. The majority of this data is unstructured and difficult to query because they are manually annotated. Existing databases such as PubMed already contain over 20 million citations and are growing at a rate of 500,000 new citations every year. Our solution is to automatically extract chemical reactions from biological text and canonicalize them so that they can be easily indexed and queried. This paper describes a natural language processing system that generates patterns from labeled training data and uses them to extract chemical reactions from PubMed. To train and validate our system, we create a dataset using BRENDA, the BRaunschweig ENzyme DAtabase, with 4387 labeled sentences. Our system achieves a recall of 0.82 and a precision of 0.88 via cross validation. On a selection of 600,000 PubMed abstracts, our system extracts almost 20% of existing reactions in BRENDA as well as many that are novel.

关键词：生物系统;生物文献;化学反应

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Using weighted power means, as opposed to arithmetic means, for wind speed statistics is recognized as more relevant to predicting power production from wind turbines. Yet computer models used for hub height wind prediction output arithmetic means, due to the lack of accurate information on wind speed distributions generated by the turbulent flow. The following demonstrates methods used to calculate wind speed statistics using power means, generated from high-frequency (32 Hz) wind measurements, from turbulent flow in the vicinity of a wind turbine array. The dependence of errors, as a function of turbulence intensity, in power production forecasts resulting from the use of arithmetic instead of power means is presented

关键词：风能；风电；计算机模型；发电；风力发电机组

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We propose a new segment-based registration system for aerial images of the same scene taken at different times, from different view points, and/or by different sensors. We introduce a quantitative characterization of the registration difficulty for a given pair of images. Targeting high registration difficulty input, we exploit on inear edges in images. In the first step of our registration process, we detect line segments in each image. Next we conduct a merging step on the detected line segments. Finally, using the merged line segments as input, we generate possible hypothesis transformations by choosing three segments in each image. Our collinearity score metric for the transformations balances considerations of angular and perpendicular distances. After scoring each hypothesis transformation, the highest-scoring one is selected. For high registration difficulty image pairs, our algorithm shows significant improvement compared to publicly accessible image registration codes.

关键词：线段;航空图像;登记制度

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ORNL and subcontractor Cool Energy completed an investigation of higher-temperature, organic thermal fluids for solar thermal applications. Although static thermal tests showed promising results for 1-phenylnaphthalene, loop testing at temperatures to 450 degrees C showed that the material isomerized at a slow rate. In a loop with a temperature high enough to drive the isomerization, the higher melting point byproducts tended to condense onto cooler surfaces. So, as experienced in loop operation, eventually the internal channels of cooler components such as the waste heat rejection exchanger may become coated or clogged and loop performance will decrease. Thus, pure 1-phenylnaphthalene does not appear to be a fluid that would have a sufficiently long lifetime (years to decades) to be used in a loop at the increased temperatures of interest. Hence a decision was made not to test the ORNL fluid in the loop at Cool Energy Inc. Instead, Cool Energy tested and modeled power conversion from a moderate-temperature solar loop using coupled Stirling engines. Cool Energy analyzed data collected on third and fourth generation SolarHeart Stirling engines operating on a rooftop solar field with a lower temperature (Marlotherm) heat transfer fluid. The operating efficiencies of the Stirling engines were determined at multiple, typical solar conditions, based on data from actual cycle operation. Results highlighted the advantages of inherent thermal energy storage in the power conversion system.

关键词：太阳能；传热；能源储存；冷却液回路；热测试

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Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), such as mild blast injuries due to improvised exploding devices, result in long term impairment of cognition and behavior. Our hypothesis is that there are inflammatory outcomes to mTBI over time that cause pathogenesis and clinical outcomes. We used an adaptation of rat moderate brain lateral fluid percussion (LFP) brain injury and compared 2 blast models developed by us. We characterized a rat mild blast brain injury model (mBBI) that increased IL- 1 beta and TNF alpha levels, macrophage/microglial and astrocytic activation, and blood brain barrier disruption. We assessed beneficial outcomes after blockade of the IL- 1alpha/beta and TNF alpha receptors in the mLFP brain injury model. We found that blocking the IL-1 /beta and TNFR receptors, singly or in combination, with wo FDA-approved drugs Kineret or Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist, IL-1R alpha and Etanercept or antibody to the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor improved outcomes by ameliorating inflammation. We also determined an optimal time course of treatment. We also characterized our selected mBBI model of mTBI, the Vanderberg model. We found similar resulting righting reflex response times (RRRT) for the mBBI as compared to the mLFP injury. We determined that there were significant increases in IL-1 beta and TNF alpha levels, macrophage/microglial and astrocytic activation, and phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau) levels, the latter indicative of neuroencephalopathy, in the injured cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and amygdala. Whereas there was an apparent correlation between the RRRT values and the p-Tau levels, general inflammatory responses were more threshold-triggered. These results suggest potential therapies for mild blast injuries.

关键词：医药；创伤性脑损伤；血脑屏障；炎症

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Node localization is one of the key technologies in wireless sensor network.This paper proposed an improved RBDMCL algorithm based on traditional MCL algorithm,which can reduce the sampling areas and improve the positioning accuracy by building a node motion model.Then concludes by simulation analysis and comparison that RBDMCL has higher positioning accuracy than MCL in the anchor node density and node velocity.

关键词：传感器网络；定位；移动节点；恢复期

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