关键词：汽车；乘员保护；汽车座椅；安全

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Future vehicular networks shall enable new classes of services and applications for car-to-car and car-to-roadside communication. The underlying vehicular mobility patterns significantly impact the operation and effectiveness of these services, and hence it is essential to model and characterize such patterns. In this paper, we examine the mobility of vehicles as a function of traffic density of more than 800 locations from six major metropolitan regions around the world. The traffic densities are generated from more than 25 million images and processed using background subtraction algorithm. The resulting vehicular density time series and distributions are then analyzed. It is found using the goodness-of-fit test that the vehicular density distribution follows heavy-tail distributions such as Log-gamma, Loglogistic, and Weibull in over 90of these locations. Moreover, a heavy-tail gives rise to long-range dependence and self-similarity, which we studied by estimating the Hurst exponent (H).

关键词：汽车；通讯网络；算法；表征；高速公路通信

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Prior to commercial operation, large solar systems in utility-size power plants need to pass performance acceptance tests conducted by the engineering, procurement, and construction (EPC) contractor or owners. In lieu of the present absence of ASME4 or other international test codes developed for this purpose, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory has undertaken the development of interim guidelines (the Guidelines) to provide recommendations for test procedures that can yield results of a high level of accuracy consistent with good engineering knowledge and practice. The Guidelines contained here follow the general approach of the earlier NREL report on parabolic trough collector fields, but in this case are specifically written for power tower solar systems composed of a heliostat (reflector) field directing the sun's rays to a receiver (heat exchanger) on a high central tower. The working fluid in the tower receiver can be molten salt, water/steam, air, CO2, or other suitable fluids, each with its own particular attributes. The fundamental differences between acceptance of a solar power plant and a conventional fossil-fired plant are the inherently transient nature of the energy source and the necessity to use a performance projection model in the acceptance process. These factors bring into play the need to establish methods to measure steady-state performance, comparison to performance model results, and the reasons to test and model multi-day performance within the scope of the acceptance testing procedures.

关键词：太阳能；公用事业；发电塔式；太阳能系统；性能验收

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By the third quarter of 2012, the United States had deployed more than 2.1 gigawatts (GWac1) of utility-scale solar generation capacity, with 4.6 GWac under construction as of August 2012 (SEIA 2012). Continued growth is anticipated owing to state renewable portfolio standards and decreasing system costs (DOE 2012a). One concern regarding large-scale deployment of solar energy is its potentially significant land use. Efforts have been made to understand solar land use estimates from the literature (Horner and Clark 2013); however, we were unable to find a comprehensive evaluation of solar land use requirements from the research literature. This report provides data and analysis of the land use associated with U.S. utility-scale ground-mounted photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) facilities. After discussing solar land-use metrics and our data-collection and analysis methods, we present total and direct land-use results for various solar technologies and system configurations, on both a capacity and an electricity-generation basis. The total area corresponds to all land enclosed by the site boundary. The direct area comprises land directly occupied by solar arrays, access roads, substations, service buildings, and other infrastructure. We quantify and summarize the area impacted, recognizing that the quality and duration of the impact must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. As of the third quarter of 2012, the solar projects we analyze represent 72of installed and under-construction utility-scale PV and CSP capacity in the United States.

关键词：太阳能；美国；发电厂；土地使用要求

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This chapter deals with the problem of fitting curves to data points, a classical optimization problem in Computer-Aided Geometric Design (CAGD). This issue plays an important role in real problems such as construction of car bodies, ship hulls, airplane fuselage, and other free-form objects. A typical example comes from reverse engineering where free-form shapes are extracted from clouds of scanned data points. In this chapter we address this issue by applying a powerful bio-inspired method called Artificial Immune Systems (AIS). The AIS can be understood as a computational methodology based upon metaphors of the biological immune system. As such, there is not one but several AIS algorithms. In this chapter we focus on the clonal selection algorithm (CSA), which explicitly takes into account the affinity maturation of the immune response. This algorithm is applied to fit Bezier curves to given sets of data points. Some illustrative examples show the good performance of our approach.

关键词：医学；拟合曲线；人工免疫系统；克隆选择算法

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Because the classic PID control doesn't satisfy the demand of automobile ABS in all conditions and it is short of an ability of identifying road surface,fuzzy control is short of an ability of remove systemic stable error and it doesn't make automobiles keep higher control precisions,a dynamic mode of the wheels is built when an automobile is braking at first,aiming at automobile ABS,a immune PID control algorithm based on classic PID is presented and used in automobile ABS system.Compared with the classic PID control algorithm and fuzzy control algorithm,the simulation result shows that the immune PID control algorithm has a shorter stabilization time,a smaller excess of system output,fewer response time and shorter braking distance,it is superior to the classic PID control algorithm and fuzzy control algorithm.The immune PID control algorithm has a higher application value.

关键词：汽车；免疫控制；PID控制；ABS系统；滑移率

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Modern transportation consists of many unique modes of travel. Each of these modes and their respective industries has evolved independently over time, forming a largely incoherent and inefficient overall transportation system. Travelers today are forced to spend unnecessary time and efforts planning a trip through varying modes of travel each with their own scheduling, pricing, and services; causing many travelers to simply rely on their relatively inefficient and expensive personal automobile. This paper presents a demonstration program system to not only collect and format many different sources of trip planning information, but also combine these independent modes of travel in order to form optimal routes and itineraries of travel. The results of this system show a mean decrease in inter-city travel time of 10 percent and a 25 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions over personal automobiles. Additionally, a 55 percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions is observed for intra-city travel. A conclusion is that current resources are available, if somewhat hidden, to drastically improve point to point transportation in terms of time spent traveling, the cost of travel, and the ecological impact of a trip. Finally, future concepts are considered which could dramatically improve the interoperability and efficiency of the transportation infrastructure.

关键词：汽车；系统集成；航空运输；互操作性

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An automotive mechanic died when gasoline he was pouring into a vehicle ignited and burned him. The victim had just replaced a gas tank on the vehicle. He was using a bucket to pour gasoline into the new fuel tank that did not have the filler hose installed. The fuel spilled onto a wire cage-covered incandescent drop light under the vehicle, which ignited the fuel causing the fire. The victim ran from the vehicle with the bucket of fuel, leaving a trail of spilled gasoline which ignited. The ignited trail of fuel caused the bucket of fuel to also ignite, burning the victim. Contributing factors identified in this investigation were the positioning of the drop light, the type of drop light used, the use of a bucket to store and pour gasoline, and the filling of an incompletely assembled fuel system. The CA/FACE investigator determined that, in order to prevent fires within an automotive repair shop, owners should ensure that: 1. Sources of ignition are eliminated when work involves flammable liquids. 2. When refueling vehicles with a portable container, the container should be equipped with an automatic closing cap and flame arrester. 3. Gas tanks are properly installed before refueling.

关键词：汽车；汽油；汽车机械；燃料；油箱

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The focus of the article was the redesign of an assembly cell in a car manufacturing company. The new design had to include the operations related to the assembly of new roofs without disrupting the throughput rate. The theory-of-constrains framework has been used to propose designs as well as to define the evaluation criteria. The complexity of the system has been studied using a discrete-event simulation model. The traditional scholar steps have been followed to develop a robust decision support simulation system (DSSS).

关键词：汽车;决策支持系统;仿真;汽车系统

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Professor Michl and collaborators prepared several icosahedral monocarba-closo-dodecaborate anions carrying halogen and trifluoromethyl substituents and investigated their oxidation by chemical and electrochemical means and by quantum chemical calculations. These anions are of interest for fuel cell and high-voltage battery applications, because they are unusually weakly nucleophilic and extremely difficult to oxidize, with reversible redox potentials calculated up to 5 V above ferrocene/ferricenium. In liquid sulfur dioxide, the standard solvent for electrochemical oxidation at highly positive potentials, all oxidations were irreversible. In 1,1,1,3,3,3- hexafluoroisopropan-2-ol, the undecafluorinated anion is oxidized reversibly at 2.43 V above ferrocene/ferricenium (calculated 2.40 V) but the radical is too unstable for isolation. Other undecahalogenated anions are oxidized irreversibly. A promising new solvent that dissolves supporting electrolytes and resists oxidation is 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane. In two cases, the oxidized neutral radicals were sufficiently stable in perfluorohexane solution for spectroscopic characterization, but only up to -40 degrees C. At temperatures closer to ambient, this solvent was oxidized.

关键词：燃料电池；极端；氧化能力；酸性度；碱性度

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