The welding process results in the formation of high concentrations of nano-sized particles loaded with toxic metals such as hexavalent chromium (Cr6+), nickel (Ni), and manganese (Mn). Welding fumes pose serious health risks to welders because fumes can cause respiratory and neurological ailments as well as cancer. Tightened occupational standards require an exposure reduction of at least 90that is not satisfied by current control technologies. There is also potential public concern about the environmental risks associated with the release of welding fumes into ambient air. The overall objective of this demonstration was to develop an innovative silica precursor technology that can limit the oxidation of chromium by quenching oxygen species and coating metal particles in welding fumes with a thin, amorphous silica layer. An additional objective was to assess the benefit of increased particle size distribution. The demonstration verified the feasibility and practicality of implementing silica precursor technology into DOD welding operations. Silica precursor technology was demonstrated to be an effective means of controlling metal emissions in welding fumes. The two-fold approach of limiting oxidation potential and coating metal particles with an amorphous silica layer goes beyond previous control technologies by addressing all the toxic metals, regardless of their oxidation state. This project demonstrated, through both a laboratory study and field tests, the benefits of adding silica precursor during the welding process.

关键词：空气污染；硅添加剂；有害空气污染物；排放量；焊接技术

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America's Children and the Environment (ACE) is EPAs report presenting data on children's environmental health. ACE brings together information from a variety of sources to provide national indicators in the following areas: Environments and Contaminants, Biomonitoring, and Health. Environments and Contaminants indicators describe conditions in the environment, such as levels of air pollution. Biomonitoring indicators include contaminants measured in the bodies of children and women of child-bearing age, such as children's blood lead levels. Health indicators report the rates at which selected health outcomes occur among U.S. children, such as the annual percentage of children who currently have asthma. Accompanying each indicator is text discussing the relevance of the issue to children's environmental health and describing the data used in preparing the indicator. Wherever possible, the indicators are based on data sources that are updated in a consistent manner, so that indicator values may be compared over time. This report is the third edition of ACE (referred to as ACE3); previous editions of ACE were published in 2000 and 2003.

关键词：健康环保；环境监测；污染物；空气污染

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The Wabash gasification facility, owned and operated by sgSolutions LLC, is one of the largest single train solid fuel gasification facilities in the world capable of transforming 2,000 tons per day of petroleum coke or 2,600 tons per day of bituminous coal into synthetic gas for electrical power generation. The Wabash plant utilizes Phillips66 proprietary E-Gas Gasification Process to convert solid fuels such as petroleum coke or coal into synthetic gas that is fed to a combined cycle combustion turbine power generation facility. During plant startup in 1995, reliability issues were realized in the gas filtration portion of the gasification process. To address these issues, a slipstream test unit was constructed at the Wabash facility to test various filter designs, materials and process conditions for potential reliability improvement. The char filtration slipstream unit provided a way of testing new materials, maintenance procedures, and process changes without the risk of stopping commercial production in the facility. It also greatly reduced maintenance expenditures associated with full scale testing in the commercial plant. This char filtration slipstream unit was installed with assistance from the United States Department of Energy (built under DOE Contract No. DE-FC26-97FT34158) and began initial testing in November of 1997. It has proven to be extremely beneficial in the advancement of the E-Gas char removal technology by accurately predicting filter behavior and potential failure mechanisms that would occur in the commercial process.

关键词：空气污染；组合式分离器；过滤系统

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In recent years, corporations have shown increasing interest in measuring their environmental impacts, especially pollutant emissions. Business interests--for instance, preparing for imminent regulation--motivate this trend as much as ethics. Investors and customers factor environmental impact into their business decisions, and sustainable companies have a competitive advantage. According to Department of Transportation Climate Change Report, transportation greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been growing steadily in recent decades. From 1990 to 2006 alone, transportation GHG emissions increased 27 percent, accounting for almost one-half of the increase in total US GHG emissions for the period. Transportation GHG emissions account for 29 percent of total US GHG emissions, and over 5 percent of global GHG emissions. In 2006, emissions from on-road vehicles accounted for 79 percent of transportation GHG emissions. Emissions from trucks accounted for 19 percent. For companies with large distribution systems, emissions from transport operations constitute a significant portion of their environmental impact. Many models have been developed to estimate vehicle emissions, though the focus in research and in practice has been on automobiles, as opposed to trucks and other heavy vehicles. In addition, there is a lack of standards governing emissions reporting. Wide variations and lack of documentation make comparisons between companies or years difficult. The goal of this project is, therefore, to develop a rigorous, flexible, and practical framework for estimating the emissions of freight transport operations. To meet this goal, we developed a software tool based on simple, yet defensible and reliable economic models of marginal emissions contributions from individual shipments. The initial focus is on trucking, but extensions for other freight modes are possible.

关键词：空气污染；货运作业；排放量

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关键词：环境监测；环境控制；生命支持系统；人因工程；

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The Toxics Release Inventory was the first major initiative to take a disclosure-based approach to environmental regulation and has served as the model for several other disclosure-based environmental policies. Yet the magnitude of its direct impacts on industrial manufacturing outcomes has not been established. I use Census Bureau micro-data to estimate the impacts of the Toxics Release Inventory on the opening of new manufacturing plants. I find that on average, counties that were found to be among the dirtiest in the country, in terms of toxic emissions, experienced a decrease in dirty plant births and an even larger increase in clean plant births. Furthermore, the magnitude of this shift is closely related to per capita income in the affected counties-the effect is strongest in high-income communities and is reversed in low-income communities.

关键词：空气污染；有毒物质；排放清单；测量

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The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Engineering and Physical Hazards Branch (EPHB) and the University of Massachusetts Lowell (UMass Lowell) Environmental Health and Safety Team assessed nanoparticle emissions in a chemical laboratory at UMass Lowell. The laboratory conducted bench-top scale product development using 20-30 nm diameter bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The tasks evaluated in this study included weighing, mixing, sonicating, coating, drying, and cutting, which are common activities in most research and commercial production facilities. Weigh-out, mixing, and sonication were conducted on the bench-top without engineering controls, while coating, drying, and cutting were conducted inside a fume hood or a ventilated enclosure. The study results provide information on exposure potential and control for common nanomanufacturing processes.

关键词：空气污染；空气污染监测；碳纳米管；纳米颗粒；排放量

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The overall purpose of this project was to identify, evaluate, select, develop, and test a suite of enhancements to the GoldSim software program, in order to make it a better tool for use in support of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) projects. The GoldSim software is a foundational tool used by scientists at NETL and at other laboratories and research institutions to evaluate system=level risks of proposed CCS projects.

关键词：空气污染；系统级碳风险评估；软件框架

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The existing wired monitoring systems for edible fungus cultivation has some shortcomings such as complex wiring,unsatisfied function,low automatic level and so on.This paper developed a composite environment monitoring system for edible fungus cultivation based on wireless sensor network with ZigBee technology.Through a star wireless sensor network topology,this system acquired the temperature and humidity of cultivation environment,as well as thegrowing image of edible fungus.Meanwhile,according to the growing nature of edible fungus,a control strategy for cultivation environment was developed and integrated in the system.The proposed composite environment monitoring system provided a good solution for edible fungus cultivation industry.

关键词：食用菌栽培；环境监测；控制策略；ZigBee

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Research was undertaken to investigate the issues impacting the expansion of containerized cargo in Wisconsin, Minnesota and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Best practices in container pooling, load matching, inland ports and electronic tracking were assessed. Interviews were conducted with key stakeholders to determine regional anomalies. Regional intermodal terminals and depots were cataloged and selective ones toured. Proposals were made for adopting best practices. Outreach to the stakeholders in the region on the results of the study was undertaken.

关键词：空气污染；空气污染控制；锰；集装箱池

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