关键词：碳减排；工业化增长；中国；美国

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关键词：地方政府；节能减排；生态环境

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This planet has been endowed with a host of natural mechanisms to keep the environment and climate in balance. Humans are now facing the need to restore this balance that has been upset in the past years because of a growing population and resource demands. To steer dependency away from freshwater crops and decrease environmental damage from humanity s fuel and energy demands, it is necessary to take advantage of the natural adaptive biomass resources that are already in place. Using methods of "Green Planet Architecture," based on compilations of current research and procedures, could lead to new forms of energy and fueling as well as new sources for food and feed. Green Planet Architecture involves climatic adaptive biomass; geospatial intelligence; agri- and aqua-culture life cycles; and soil, wetland, and shoreline restoration. Plants such as Salicornia, seashore mallow, castor, mangroves, and perhaps Moringa can be modified (naturally, model-assisted, or genetically) to thrive in salt water and brackish water or otherwise not arable conditions, making them potentially new crops that will not displace traditional farming. These fueling sources also have potential to be used in other rapid-growth industries, such as the aviation industry, that have incentive to move towards more sustainable fuel supplies. This report highlights an example of how synergistic development of biomass resources and geospatial intelligence high-performance computing capabilities can be focused to resolve potential drought-famine problems. These techniques provide a basis for future e-science-based discovery (and access) through technology that can be expanded to support global societal applications.

关键词：生物质,地球资源;生态系统;农作物;智能;加油;可再生能源,水资源

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Municipal solid waste management generally refers to the management of solid waste from residential societies, streets, public places, commercial buildings, hospitals, and other institutions. Management of these types of waste is mainly the responsibility of municipal and other governmental authorities. Municipal solid waste management is one of the major problems being faced worldwide. Municipal solid waste is a part of the larger universe of waste and mostly includes the waste collected under the formal municipal programs. Proper and efficient management of municipal solid waste can contribute to the mitigation of many problems related to pollution, climatic changes, and public health.

关键词：城市固体废物；管理；缓解有关污染；气候变化；公众健康

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Since the start of the 20th century, average annual temperatures across the contiguous United States have increased approximately 1.5 F (0.8 C) (NOAA 2013b, EPA 2012a). Recent weather conditions are no exception to this trend. July 2012 was the hottest month in the United States since record keeping began in 1895, and 2012 was the warmest year overall, marked by historic high temperatures and droughts, above average wildfires, multiple intense storms that disrupted power to millions, and multiple extreme heat waves (NOAA 2013c). More than 60of the country experienced drought during the summer of 2012, including some areas of exceptional drought (NOAA 2013c, NOAA 2012c). These trends, which are expected to continue (NOAA 2013b, IPCC 2012, USGCRP 2009), could restrict the supply of secure, sustainable, and affordable energy critical to the nation s economic growth. At least three major climate trends are relevant to the energy sector: Increasing air and water temperatures Decreasing water availability in some regions and seasons Increasing intensity and frequency of storm events, flooding, and sea level rise This report part of the Administration s efforts to support national climate change adaptation planning through the Interagency Climate Change Adaptation Task Force and Strategic Sustainability Planning process established under Executive Order 13514 and to advance the U.S. Department of Energy s goal of promoting energy security examines current and potential future impacts of these climate trends on the U.S. energy sector. It identifies activities underway to address these challenges and discusses potential opportunities to enhance energy technologies that are more climate-resilient, as well as information, stakeholder engagement, and policies and strategies to further enable their deployment.

关键词：气候变化;天气;生物量;需求(经济学);能源;洪水;可再生能源

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本监测内容采用国际上广义的环保产业定义，按照产品生命周期理论以及产品和服务的环境功能，范围覆盖自然资源开发与保护型、清洁生产型、污染源控制及污染治理型环保产业四类，并重点侧重监测环境污染治理（污水处理\固体废物处理）、环境监测仪器\技术\环保设备、生物环保、其它环保服务等内容。

关键词：环保；产业热点；产业研究；环保数据

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关键词：基础设施；挑战

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In this paper, on-board Measurements of particle emissions were carried out on a VW diesel car in Shanghai real roads.The test fuels included pure petroleum diesel (D100) and three different alternative fuel blends, 10％ biodiesel blend (BD10), 10％ coal-to-liquid fuel blend (C10) and 10％ gas-to-liquid fuel blend (G10) in volumetric mixture ratio.Results showed that particle emissions in freeways were terrible, and particle number emission ratios from urban roads were high.The test alternative blend fuels of BD10, Bul0, G10 and C10 all have positive effects on the particle emissions of test diesel car.

关键词：柴油汽车；替代燃料；车载测量；道路类型；粒子排放

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Particle emissions of a diesel car fueled with coal to liquids (CTL) on road were tested.The particle number and size distribution were mainly studied.Three typical roads were adopted in this test, including urban arterial roads, secondary roads and freeways.The results show that transient particle number of the car has a corresponding relationship with the vehicle speed.With the speed increasing, the number of both nucleation mode particles and accumulation mode particles increase continuously.With the CTL blend ratio increasing, the number of nucleation mode particles and accumulation mode particles decreases, especially accumulation mode particles whose size are more than 100nm diameter.With the CTL blend ratio increasing, the particle numbers in the three typical roads show downward trends, especially on freeways.It shows that the CTL fuel can distinctly reduce the exhaust particle number of diesel cars on road.

关键词：柴油汽车;煤液体;道路;粒子排放

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Recent studies have indicated that the accuracy of the emissions estimation in a traffic simulation model can be little improved by using the traditional model calibration approaches. Instead, the model's internal mechanism in depicting the second-by-second vehicle activities needs to be investigated. Since the car-following model is the core component of a traffic simulation model, this paper attempts to conduct a comparative study of car-following models concerning their effects on the explanatory parameter of vehicle emissions, namely, the vehicle specific power (VSP) distribution. The car-following models selected for the analysis are the optimal velocity model (OVM), generalized force model (GFM), full velocity difference model (FVDM), Wiedemann model, and the Fritzsche model. Massive field car-following trajectories are collected, and a numerical simulation method is designed for each car-following model to generate its vehicle trajectories and the speed-specific VSP distributions. By a comparison of VSP distributions collected from the field and generated by car-following models, it was found that OVMs and GFMs generate unrealistic VSP distributions, which will lead to significant emissions estimation errors. By adding the variable of positive velocity difference, the FVDM can effectively improve the accuracy of the VSP distribution and emissions estimation. The VSP distribution of the Wiedemann model differs largely from the field data, which overestimate the peak VSP fraction and the fractions in aggressive driving modes. The Fritzsche model produces VSP distributions consistent with the field distributions. It is also found that the speed-specific VSP distribution is highly correlated with the acceleration distribution. Therefore, improving the accuracy of the speed-specific acceleration distribution is an effective measure to improve the accuracy of the VSP distribution and thus the emissions estimation of the car-following models.

关键词：车辆；碳排放；交通仿真模型；环境监测

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