Over the past few years, the traffic congestion on roadways and airways has increased the demand for railway travel. People are finding it more feasible and convenient to travel by train instead of opting for any other mode of transportation. Moreover, railways are considered as a safer and cleaner option when compared to roadways. The increase in demand for railway transport has made it mandatory for railway operators to make their systems more advanced and automated. A smart railway system comprises solutions, devices and components, and services that automate and optimize the usage of railway infrastructure to carry out advanced functions. It has several components such as passenger reservation and information systems, freight operations information systems, railway traffic management, operations and asset management, IP-based security monitoring, communications, ticketing, and railway analytics.

关键词：道路；航空交通拥堵；铁路；出行需求

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The present study considers direct ballistic entries into the atmosphere of Venus using a 45deg sphere-cone rigid aeroshell, a legacy shape that has been used successfully in the past in the Pioneer Venus Multiprobe Mission. For a number of entry mass and heatshield diameter combinations (i.e., various ballistic coefficients) and entry velocities, the trajectory space in terms of entry flight path angles between skip out and -30deg is explored with a 3DoF trajectory code, TRAJ. From these trajectories, the viable entry flight path angle space is determined through the use of mechanical and thermal performance limits on the thermal protection material and science payload; the thermal protection material of choice is entry-grade carbon phenolic, for which a material thermal response model is available. For mechanical performance, a 200 g limit is placed on the peak deceleration load experienced by the science instruments, and 10 bar is assumed as the pressure limit for entry-grade carbon-phenolic material. For thermal performance, inflection points in the total heat load distribution are used as cut off criteria. Analysis of the results shows the existence of a range of critical ballistic coefficients beyond which the steepest possible entries are determined by the pressure limit of the material rather than the deceleration load limit.

关键词：大气层;金星大气; Aeroshells;隔热;先锋金星飞船;热保护

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On August 5, 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory entry vehicle successfully entered Mars atmosphere, flying a guided entry until parachute deploy. The Curiosity rover landed safely in Gale crater upon completion of the Entry Descent and Landing sequence. This paper compares the aerodynamics of the entry capsule extracted from onboard flight data, including Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) accelerometer and rate gyro information, and heatshield surface pressure measurements. From the onboard data, static force and moment data has been extracted. This data is compared to preflight predictions. The information collected by MSL represents the most complete set of information collected during Mars entry to date. It allows the separation of aerodynamic performance from atmospheric conditions. The comparisons show the MSL aerodynamic characteristics have been identified and resolved to an accuracy better than the aerodynamic database uncertainties used in preflight simulations. A number of small anomalies have been identified and are discussed. This data will help revise aerodynamic databases for future missions and will guide computational fluid dynamics (CFD) development to improved prediction codes.

关键词：气动特性;大气;火星大气;压力测量;热屏蔽

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New Large Aircraft (NLA) pose novel firefighting challenges never previously considered for traditional aircraft. Specifically, questions have arisen regarding the applicability of current firefighting protection standards to non-conventional design changes such as fuselage shape modifications, enhanced material compositions, new fuel storage locations, and unique passenger loading configurations. To address fuselage shape concerns, a computational fluid dynamic (CFD) modeling strategy was developed to quantify heat transfer to the aircraft for a given aircraft geometry and hydrocarbon pool fire condition. CFD predictions support experimental validation data conclusions showing increased crosswinds amplify heat transfer to the aircraft surface due to enhanced turbulent fuel-air mixing. Based upon the predicted CFD fire plume structure and aircraft surface heat transfer magnitudes, nominal changes in aircraft geometry exposed to similar scale flame and atmospheric conditions pose no extraordinary firefighting challenge. However with NLA carrying an excessive amount of fuel compared to traditional aircraft, NLA have the capacity to create a significantly larger accidental fire threat. Unique fire suppression measures must still be taken to ensure the same level of protection at a physically larger scale.

关键词：火灾；航空器；计算流体动力学；雷诺数；大气

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The Global Construction Equipment market has experienced some difficulties in the past decade due to the global economic recession.

关键词：建筑设备市场；经济衰退；小型/中型挖掘机；履带/轮式挖掘机

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2014 年 2季度，国家继续出台多项政策法规推动交通运输业的健康发展。综合运输业方面，国务院明确表示向社会资本开放铁路、港口等80个示范项目；铁路运输业方面， 2014 年上半年铁路投资规模三次上调，逐渐成为稳定经济的主要动力；水上运输业方面，为规范全国内河船型标准化补贴资金管理，促进内河运力结构调整和水运节能减排， 财政部联合交通部于4月9日印发了《内河船型标准化补贴资金管理办法》。

关键词：交通运输；分析报告

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《中国交通报》8月4日报道，近日，国家发展改革委、财政部、交通运输部、商务部、海关总署、国家质检总局联合发出《关于整顿规范进出口环节经营性服务和收费的通知》（简称《通知》），《通知》决定集中开展整顿规范进出口环节经营性服务和收费专项工作，重点整顿规范港口码头服务、口岸检验和查验等工作领域，进一步减轻进出口企业负担，促进外贸稳定增长。

关键词：港口航运业；要闻综述

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关键词：散货船；市场

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A railway management system is an automatic system that is used in the railways to improve efficiency. Earlier, manual systems were used in railways; this made it difficult to exchange information from the train to the ground, causing a delay in displaying information for passengers. In this era of hyper-urbanization, people want a faster and more convenient mode of transportation. Therefore, the rapid economic and demographic growth across the world is driving the growth of the Global Railway Management System market. In addition, technological advancement is another factor that is propelling the growth of railway infrastructures. Since the Railway industry is one of the major contributors to the economic growth of a country, there is an inherent need for an efficient management system. In this regard, advanced technology will help the railways to upgrade their management and operational systems.

关键词：铁路管理系统；提高；自动化系统；效率；手动系统

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关键词：汽车；燃料；替代燃料；柴油机燃料；柴油电力机车

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