关键词：美国；计算机辅助设计；CAD；汽车行业

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This report is based on in-depth qualitative and quantitative analyses of the CAD market in the automotive sector in North America.

关键词：美国；计算机辅助设计；CAD；汽车行业

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The CAD software license revenue includes both perpetual and periodic licenses/subscription.Perpetual licenses are one-time investments, after which the software can be used indefinitely.

关键词：亚太地区；计算机辅助设计；CAD；汽车行业

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关键词：亚太地区；计算机辅助设计；CAD；汽车行业

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A connector is an electro-mechanical component used to connect electrical circuits together. In the automotive industry, connectors are mainly used in automotive wiring harnesses to connect electrical devices and wires.

关键词：欧洲；汽车连接器；线束；自动化与控制；机械零件

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Transportation accounts for about 33% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce petroleum consumption, vehicle air pollution, and noise emissions, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) was introduced to the U.S. market in 1999 and offered new efficiency-improving technologies. However, the current market share and adoption rate of HEVs are still low. HEV sales are not spatially and temporally uniform. The HEV spatial diffusion process is investigated, and the influence of the neighborhood effect (NE) on HEV adoption is analyzed. A cluster analysis is conducted with Florida add-on data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey to display the spatial clusters of the households that purchased HEVs from 2005 to 2008. More HEV clusters emerge over time. Geographic patterns demonstrate increasing numbers of clusters featuring households with hybrid vehicles and surrounding HEV adopters. Furthermore, the relationships between hybrid vehicle adoption, NEs, and sociodemographic factors are analyzed with weighted and unweighted binary logit models. NEs are confirmed to be significant in both urban and rural models, especially the factors of 1- and 5-mi neighborhood coverage. This finding indicates that potential buyers are more likely to purchase HEVs when HEV exposure is high in the surrounding areas, and this measurement of exposure is proved reasonable for NEs. Of the sociodemographic attributes, household income is the most significant variable and plays a dominant role in affecting the propensity to buy hybrid vehicles. Factors such as vehicle ownership, household structure, and education attainment level also significantly affect a household's choice to buy a hybrid car.

关键词：汽车；混合动力；噪音

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In the past decade, the development and the application of traffic micro-simulation to replicate real-world traffic behavior have become pervasive among traffic and transport researchers. The modeling of a driver's car-following behavior, which forms the fundamental component of traffic microsimulation, has meanwhile been an important research direction leading to the sophistication of traffic microsimulation. However, recent studies have pointed out that a driver's following behavior varies when the lead vehicle is a passenger car as opposed to a heavy vehicle. Nevertheless, existing models do not precisely address those differences. This oversight could diversely affect the accuracy of traffic microsimula-tions, particularly with the current trend of an increasing number of heavy vehicles in the traffic stream. A novel car-following model that considered the heterogeneity of lead vehicles was developed. Two types of lead vehicles were considered in this study: passenger cars and heavy vehicles. The model was developed on the basis of the local linear model tree approach. This approach is able to incorporate human perceptual imperfections into a car-following model. The input space is partitioned incrementally, and a linear model is developed for each locality (partition). The final output is calculated by the fuzzy combination of local models according to the validity function of each model. For training and testing purposes, two real-world data sets were obtained from a U.S. freeway under congested traffic conditions. The results showed very close agreement between the real data and the outputs of the proposed model.

关键词：汽车；车辆类型；模型

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Shared spaces are being implemented in many countries to deal with safety concerns and traffic flow problems on busy urban streets and street crossings. However, shared space concepts could not be tested before they were built because of the lack of a functioning microscopic shared space simulation. Lane-based car-following models, currently used in traffic simulation, cannot reproduce the high heterogeneity of a mixed traffic mode's nonchannelized flow. This paper's novel approach introduces an extended social force model for vehicles and pedestrians that incorporates social interactions between different modes of transport rather than following a purely rule-based approach. The calibration of such a microscopic traffic simulation model with real-world data from two shared space sites is presented. The simulation can reproduce real-life shared space behavior by comparing it with trajectory and interaction data collected at implemented shared space road designs.

关键词：汽车；仿真系统；模拟比较

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报告从宏观政策环境、地方政策动态、竞争对手情报、产品与技术创新等几个方面进行了分析及评论。

关键词：宏观政策环境；地方政策动态；竞争对手情报；产品与技术创新

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In natural traffic flow, the information from preceding vehicles predominantly determines driver behavior. With connected vehicle technologies, drivers can receive information from both preceding and following vehicles. This information creates new opportunities for vehicle coordination and control at the microscopic level on the basis of bidirectional information. Although bidirectional car-following models have been studied since the 1960s, most existing car-following models, especially those used by adaptive cruise control technologies, are still forward-only car-following models. This paper serves as a first step toward the use of bidirectional car-following models for microscopic vehicle coordination and control. The focus is on the study of the models' general control characteristics and impact on traffic flow stability. A general bidirectional control framework is proposed to convert any car-following model into its bidirectional form. Four representative General Motors and optimal velocity car-following models are reformulated and calibrated against field vehicle trajectory data collected in the next-generation simulation program (NGSIM). The bidirectional control characteristics of the selected models were evaluated by tuning of the percentage of backward information considered in the final car-following decision. The evaluation uses forward versus backward acceleration diagrams and a ring road stability analysis of equilibrium states obtained from NGSIM data. The results indicate that the increase in the contribution of backward information may help alleviate traffic congestion and stabilize traffic flow. An operating range of the backward information contribution of between 5% and 20% is recommended to ensure that the resulting models are still physical and realistic for both free-flow and congestion situations.

关键词：汽车；通用汽车；安全

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