In this review, we summarize the literature from the warm deserts of North America and consider leaf (Anet), soil (Rs), and plant community (aboveground net primary productivity; ANPP) studies from the Mojave, Sonoran, and Chihuahuan Deserts to determine if common trends exist across measurement scales that can be utilized to effectively manage the warm deserts. Furthermore, we investigate the potential management strategies that may increase carbon sequestration or minimize carbon losses in this region. We begin by describing the warm deserts in the southwestern United States and consider climate change projections for this region.

关键词：二氧化碳；气候变化；暖沙漠；封存；碳储存

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The risk of motor vehicle crashes (MVCs) associated with on-the-job operation of motor vehicles or exposure to road traffic hazards affects millions of workers in the United States, and this risk cuts across all industries and occupations. MVCs are consistently the leading cause of worker fatalities, affecting workers who drive all types of motor vehicles during their work day . passenger cars, heavy trucks, fire apparatus, and many others. A wide variety of interventions may be applied to prevent work-related MVCs: administrative controls such as seat belt policies, distracted-driving policies, pre-trip vehicle checks, driver training, reduced travel, and fatigue management; and engineering controls such as more crashworthy vehicles, advanced driver assistance systems, or active safety systems. Questions remain as to which are the most effective interventions to protect workers from risks of work-related MVCs. Through strategic planning, research, collaborations with stakeholders, and communication of research results and prevention, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is working to ensure that recommended solutions to prevent work-related MVCs and resulting injuries are based on sound research and are clearly communicated to employers and workers. The NIOSH Center for Motor Vehicle Safety (CMVS) is the focal point for activities within the Institute that address this pressing occupational safety problem. The CMVS was designated in December 2010 to strengthen and sustain the Institute's research and prevention activities to reduce work-related motor vehicle crashes and resulting injuries. It is a 'virtual' Center through which researchers from across the Institute and external partners from government, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academia, labor, and industry bring complementary expertise to identify crash risk factors, develop and evaluate workplace interventions to prevent crashes, and communicate the results to employers and other stakeholders. The NIOSH CMVS is guided by the vision that: All workers who are exposed to hazards of motor vehicle traffic while working have the highest possible levels of protection from the risk of motor vehicle crashes and resulting injuries. The primary purpose of the 5-year strategic plan for the NIOSH CMVS is to define the priority areas for research and prevention initiatives through 2018.

关键词：战略计划；交通安全；工作场所

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Excavators are used to unearth, transport, and unload materials with the help of a bucket fitted to a boom. They move on crawlers or wheels. Excavators are versatile heavy construction machines used for below- and above-ground operations, including land leveling, trench digging, and well sinking. The excavator market in Russia is one of the steadily growing construction equipment markets in EMEA and will post a CAGR of 6.54% during the forecast period. The mega events planned to take place in Russia will accelerate market growth.

关键词：挖掘机；挖掘；运输；装卸材料；多功能；重型工程；俄罗斯市场；建筑设备市场

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An experimental study has been conducted to provide insight into heat transfer to the piston of a light-duty single-cylinder research engine under Conventional Diesel (CDC), Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI), and Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI) combustion regimes. Two fast-response surface thermocouples embedded in the piston top measured transient temperature. A commercial wireless telemetry system was used to transmit thermocouple signals from the moving piston. A detailed comparison was made between the different combustion regimes at a range of engine speed and load conditions. The closed-cycle integrated and peak heat transfer rates were found to be lower for HCCI and RCCI when compared to CDC. Under HCCI operation, the peak heat transfer rate showed sensitivity to the 50% burn location.

关键词：压燃式发动机；传热；活塞；热电偶

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This research develops a path planning algorithm that autonomously controls a UAV to provide convoy overwatch. The optimization algorithm determines the best path to y through developing a cost function that minimizes the control e ort of the UAV and the deviation from a desired slant range. A heuristic-based algorithm was developed and implemented on the autopilot to approximate the optimal solution. In ight test, the UAV successfully tracked a moving ground vehicle by continually placing the UAV's loiter point directly above the ground vehicle's current location. This method was called the follow-me' mode and provided the baseline for real-world UAV convoy overwatch. The follow-me mode resulted in a cost function value that was 113 times greater than the optimal path. Through an in-depth analysis, the heuristic-based approach reduced this ratio down to only 7.5 times greater than the optimal path. The data collected shows tremendous promise for improving autonomous UAV performance through optimal control techniques.

关键词：算法；自动驾驶；基线；相机；无人机

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There are various categories of commercial vehicles used extensively in Europe. These include LCVs, medium commercial vehicles, and heavy commercial vehicles. LCVs are those vehicles that have a GVWR of less than 3.5 tonnes and are commonly used for government and social organizations, public transportation, and the logistics industry.

关键词：各种类别；商用车；轻型商用车；中型商用车；重型商用车；政府；社会组织；公共交通；物流行业

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Ultra Compact Combustors offer unique solutions to minimize engine size and weight. They accomplish this by reducing the number of components in the engine core and perform the combustion in a circumferential cavity that encircles the core flow. Within this cavity, the fuel is injected rich. Burning continues to occur in the vane passage beneath the circumferential cavity which must be completed in a controlled manner prior to the inlet plane of the turbine rotor. Furthermore, the temperature distribution at the exit of the vane passage must be controlled to generate high work extraction from the turbine. The primary metrics for comparison are the exit temperature and pressure profiles, the emissions characteristics, and the overall system losses.

关键词：燃烧；燃烧器；发射；发动机零件

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The history of tires dates back to the mid-1800s, during which only rubber tires, best known as solid tires, were used. Advances in technology led to the replacement of solid tires by pneumatic tires. They were first used in automobiles by the Michelin brothers, who went on to become one of the prominent tire vendors in Europe. Over time, the tire market witnessed new breakthroughs in technology and the entry of many vendors.

关键词：轮胎；橡胶轮胎；实心轮胎；充气轮胎

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This report explores the volatility of primary organic aerosol (POA) emitted from light duty gasoline-powered vehicles at atmospherically relevant concentrations using state of the science instrumentation. Existing POA partitioning models were tested through analysis of emissions changes that result from perturbations to the dilution air used during vehicle sampling. Measurements were re-interpreted with the application of new theoretical models that can be extended to regional-scale modeling applications.

关键词：气溶胶；空气污染控制；大气化学

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With funds from this grant, Youngstown State University has purchased a Quantachrome iQ Chemisorption Analyzer and built a Chemical Reactor with Gas Chromatographer for catalyst characterization. PI has been involved in the purchase and installation of the instruments. The two new instruments were fully operational in the spring of 2013 and have so far been used for student research. For the research projects, we found that the nucleation and oxidation of Ce(OH)3 are critical steps which needs careful control in order to synthesize different morphological CeO2 nanocrystals. The combination of stirring and oxidation of suspension could destroy the nucleation and growth of Ce(OH)3, resulting in the formation of irregular CeO2 nanocrystals during the hydrothermal reactions. We demonstrated a general route for shape-controlled synthesis of CeO2 nanocrystals via mediation of the Ce(OH)3 seed before hydrothermal reactions. It was revealed that the shape of CeO2 support plays a critical role in metal-CeO2 catalytic activity for low-temperature CO oxidation. Out of this project, six refereed and four proceeding papers were published, along with several oral presentations made by PI and students.

关键词：催化转换器；化学反应；化学吸附

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