While the molecular basis of TSC is well established, far less is known about the pathogenetic mechanisms of epileptogensis in TSC, shich is found in the vast majority of patients. We introduce the novel concept that this follows from a disruption of normal synaptic pruning that is due to TSC mutation in astrocytes, the major non-neuronal cell type of the brain. Previous studies mostly focused on focal epileptogenisis in cortical tubers. In this study, we propose that nontuber cortex may present an abnormally excitable neuronal network that could underlie seizure generation. We will concentrate on a non-neuronal mechanism may exist in regulating synaptic function and thus epileptogenisis in TSC. To explore this aim, we will use a wide variety of experimental approaches, including electrophysiological (patch-clamping in culture cells and slice preparations to in vivo video-EEG monitoring), histological (conventional and fluorescent assays), molecular biological (Western blotting, biotinylation), and modern cellular imaging (confocal and two-photon microscopy of tissue preparations) techniques. We will measure biomarkers for astrocyte and neuronal functions and provide an index of glial transmission in the cortex of TSC deficient mouse models and peri-tuber or non- tuber tissue from TSC human brain. We will determine whether astrocyte dysfunction will lead to a failure in pruning excessive excitatory synapses during development, which underlies epilepsy in young TSC patients.

关键词：医学研究；神经细胞；含量测定；星形胶质细胞

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Active supersonic flow control has been a significant challenge due to the high momentum requirements to produce effective control. It was to this end that Johns Hopkins University developed the SparkJet Actuator (SJA) in collaboration with Florida State University under AFSOR sponsorship. This unsteady, dynamic actuator was tested on the benchtop over various quiescent conditions. The promising results led to a benchmark achievement of supersonic wind tunnel testing over several operating conditions. The SparkJet actuator is a zero net mass flux (ZNMF) device that generates synthetic jets through the use of an electrical discharge. Electrodes inside of a cavity connected to a capacitor bank are discharged at fixed frequencies. The high temperature from the electrical discharge increases the pressure inside of the cavity, and an orifice array located on the cavity allows the air to escape thus creating the jets used for flow control. A 1-D numerical model was developed at the Johns Hopkins University to predict the output of the actuator in terms of cavity volume, energy deposition, number of orifices and orifice diameters.

关键词：执行器；电容器；放电；电极

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报告从宏观政策环境、地方政策动态、竞争对手情报、产品与技术创新等几个方面进行了分析及评论。

关键词：宏观政策环境；地方政策动态；竞争对手情报；产品与技术创新

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In the mid-1800s, rubber tires (also known as solid tires) were most commonly used. With time and new advances, all-solid tires were replaced with pneumatic tires, which were first used in automobiles by the Michelin brothers who went on to become one of the prominent tire vendors in Europe.

关键词：客车；轮胎；橡胶轮胎；气压轮胎；米其林公司

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关键词：美国；计算机辅助设计；CAD；汽车行业

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This report is based on in-depth qualitative and quantitative analyses of the CAD market in the automotive sector in North America.

关键词：美国；计算机辅助设计；CAD；汽车行业

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The CAD software license revenue includes both perpetual and periodic licenses/subscription.Perpetual licenses are one-time investments, after which the software can be used indefinitely.

关键词：亚太地区；计算机辅助设计；CAD；汽车行业

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关键词：亚太地区；计算机辅助设计；CAD；汽车行业

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A connector is an electro-mechanical component used to connect electrical circuits together. In the automotive industry, connectors are mainly used in automotive wiring harnesses to connect electrical devices and wires.

关键词：欧洲；汽车连接器；线束；自动化与控制；机械零件

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Transportation accounts for about 33% of total U.S. greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce petroleum consumption, vehicle air pollution, and noise emissions, the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) was introduced to the U.S. market in 1999 and offered new efficiency-improving technologies. However, the current market share and adoption rate of HEVs are still low. HEV sales are not spatially and temporally uniform. The HEV spatial diffusion process is investigated, and the influence of the neighborhood effect (NE) on HEV adoption is analyzed. A cluster analysis is conducted with Florida add-on data from the 2009 National Household Travel Survey to display the spatial clusters of the households that purchased HEVs from 2005 to 2008. More HEV clusters emerge over time. Geographic patterns demonstrate increasing numbers of clusters featuring households with hybrid vehicles and surrounding HEV adopters. Furthermore, the relationships between hybrid vehicle adoption, NEs, and sociodemographic factors are analyzed with weighted and unweighted binary logit models. NEs are confirmed to be significant in both urban and rural models, especially the factors of 1- and 5-mi neighborhood coverage. This finding indicates that potential buyers are more likely to purchase HEVs when HEV exposure is high in the surrounding areas, and this measurement of exposure is proved reasonable for NEs. Of the sociodemographic attributes, household income is the most significant variable and plays a dominant role in affecting the propensity to buy hybrid vehicles. Factors such as vehicle ownership, household structure, and education attainment level also significantly affect a household's choice to buy a hybrid car.

关键词：汽车；混合动力；噪音

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