In the 1840s, the introduction of ether, a surgical anesthetic, made surgical procedures more common. Initially, general anesthesia was given through a device that covered the nose and mouth of the patient. The concern for aspiration of gastric content was not appreciated, and postoperative pneumonia became a common problem. Trendelenburg (1869) designed the first inflatable cuff, a thin rubber bag that was fitted over the end of a tracheostomy tube. It created a tight seal to prevent aspiration during anesthesia. As an alternate method for tracheostomy, Macewen (1880) suggested passing an oral tube into the trachea to relieve an obstruction. Later, anesthesiologist Franz Kuhn used metal tubes and preferred the oral route over tracheostomy and popularized orotracheal anesthesia.

Medication prescription is a formal communication method that physicians use to authorize a pharmacist to dispense prescription drugs or controlled substances to patients. For years, physicians have used hand-written prescriptions for communicating medication instructions to patients and documenting the drug requirements for pharmacists. Factors such as the rapidly expanding population and the growing need for health care services pose a significant challenge to the national healthcare systems worldwide. Also, the increasing use of medications to treat different ailments has resulted in a corresponding rise in the number of medication prescriptions and diversity in medication types.

Infectious diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Healthcare facilities across the world are at significant risk of cross-contamination, which can lead to hospital-associated infections (HAIs) in patients. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that around four million patients acquire HAI annually, which leads to around 40,000 mortality cases in patients. However, several advancements in surface treating technologies can help reduce patient exposure to harmful microorganisms.

我们认为制剂出口是最能体现市场化&国际化竞争、具有“中国优势”的细分赛道，在持续兑现医药制造业红利、出海品种逐渐丰富的窗口期，建议把握相关公司业绩兑现、估值提升窗口。持续推荐健友股份、普利制药，建议关注华海药业的制剂出口恢复节奏。

医保政策趋势边际回暖，看好创新药行业。国产四大PD-1 产品上轮医保谈判在原价（不含赠药）基础上降价60%-80%，我们预计2021 年医保谈判，大部分产品会在赠药后的年治疗费用基础上降价10%-20%，医保政策趋势边际回暖。

2021 年11 月15 日（星期一）北京证券交易所将正式开市。新三板市场精选层71 家公司将全部平移进入北交所，10 家已完成公开发行等程序的企业将直接在北交所上市。医药健康领域将有10 家公司进入北交所，皆为新三板精选层平移标的，看好北交所医药投资机遇。

我国目前有25个新冠病毒疫苗进入临床试验阶段，其中4个疫苗获得了我国药监局批准附条件上市，3个疫苗于近期在我国获批紧急使用，14个疫苗在境外获批开展Ⅲ期临床试验，进展总体顺利。

根据法规要求，使用计算机管理并进行电子记录已基本覆盖药品经营企业的业务各主要环节。电子记录的普及，提高了药品流通的规范性，加强了用药安全保障，也在新冠疫情的应急防控方面发挥了重要作用。虽然电子记录在药品流通领域的应用已较为成熟，但在系统验证、数据安全、技术革新等方面仍有待完善。本文综述了药品经营电子记录的应用、进展与挑战以及对监管工作的影响，讨论了新时代对药品流通和监管的数字化要求，分析了流通与生产环节可相互借鉴的方向，并展望了数字QA等质量理念在药品流通领域的应用前景。

In the modern era, it has become clear that environmental surfaces can easily be contaminated with infectious and disease-causing agents, and hence, disinfection plays a vital role in minimizing or reducing the chances of spreading infections. Disinfection is a process that includes physical or chemical means to control or destroy the harmful microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. The process of disinfection can be categorized into three levels in terms of the efficacy of disinfection. The chemical disinfectants are mainly categorized as per their chemical properties. These have different modes of action to destroy microbes, which include denaturing lipids or proteins, rupturing the cell wall, alkylation, or oxidation.

World war II gave rise to many advances, including healthcare specialization. In 1948, now called the American Academy of Family Physicians created the first U.S. CME credit system, which required 150 hours of CME for re-election to the membership every three years. In 1968, the American Medical Association came out with its Physician Recognition Award Categories 1 and 2, followed in 1972 by the American Osteopathic Association establishing categories of credit. Then, in 1981, along came the Accreditation Council for CME, which was created by the other medical organizations to provide a form of professional self-regulation for now 2,000 accredited providers of CME.