Material classification is an important application in computer vision. The ability to detect the nature of the object surface from image data has a very high potential for applications ranging from low-level inspection to high-level object recognition. The inherent property of materials to partially polarize the reflected light can serve as a tool to classify them. In this chapter, an introduction to material classification is presented in section 5.1. The theory behind polarization upon specular reflection and Fresnel coefficients is covered in section 5.2. The Fresnel reflectance model is also briefly described. The polarized nature of the transmitted light can be used to differentiate between metal and dielectric surfaces in real time due to the different nature in partially polarizing the specular and diffuse reflection components of the reflected light. This is elaborated in section 5.3 by measuring the transmitted irradiance after reflection from the material surface which allows computation of Fresnel reflection coefficients, the degree of partial polarization and the variations in the maximum and minimum transmitted intensities for varying specular angle of incidence. Differences in the physical parameters for various metal surfaces result in different surface reflection behavior, influencing the Fresnel reflection coefficients. Section 5.4, shows that it is possible to differentiate among various metals of varying conductivity by sensing the change in the Polarization Fresnel Ratio and the degree of polarization of the light reflected. Section 5.5 presents a short summary of the methods used to differentiate among material surfaces.

关键词：传感器；CMOS；偏振

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A stand alone, mobile photovoltaic power system along with a cable deployment system was designed and constructed to take part in the Desert Research And Technology Studies (RATS) lunar surface human interaction evaluation program at Cinder Lake, Arizona. The power system consisted of a photovoltaic array/battery system. It is capable of providing 1 kW of electrical power. The system outputs were 48 V DC, 110 V AC, and 220 V AC. A cable reel with 200 m of power cable was used to provide power from the trailer to a remote location. The cable reel was installed on a small trailer. The reel was powered to provide low to no tension deployment of the cable. The cable was connected to the 220 V AC output of the power system trailer. The power was then converted back to 110 V AC on the cable deployment trailer for use at the remote site. The Scout lunar rover demonstration vehicle was used to tow the cable trailer and deploy the power cable. This deployment was performed under a number of operational scenarios, manned operation, remote operation and tele-robotically. Once deployed, the cable was used to provide power, from the power system trailer, to run various operational tasks at the remote location.

关键词：电力系统;沙漠之鼠

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The Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG) is a next-generation radioisotope-based power system that is currently being developed as an alternative to the Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (MMRTG). Power sources such as these may be needed for proposed missions to solar system planets and bodies that have challenging Planetary Protection (PP) requirements (e.g. Mars, Europa, Enceladus) that may support NASA s search for life, remnants of past life, and the precursors of life. One concern is that the heat from the ASRG could potentially create a region in which liquid water may occur. As advised by the NASA Planetary Protection Officer, when deploying an ASRG to Mars, the current COSPAR/NASA PP policy should be followed for Category IVc mission. Thus, sterilization processing of the ASRG to achieve bioburden reduction would be essential to meet the Planetary Protection requirements. Due to thermal constraints and associated low temperature limits of elements of the ASRG, vapor hydrogen peroxide (VHP) was suggested as a candidate alternative sterilization process to complement dry heat microbial reduction (DHMR) for the assembled ASRG. The following proposed sterilization plan for the ASRG anticipates a mission Category IVc level of cleanliness. This plan provides a scenario in which VHP is used as the final sterilization process. Keywords: Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator (ASRG), Planetary Protection (PP), Vapor hydrogen peroxide (VHP) sterilization.

关键词：电力系统；行星；同位素

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The navigational strategies of insects using skylight polarization are interesting for applications in autonomous agent navigation because they rely on very little information for navigation. The skylight polarization pattern for navigation varies in a systematic fashion both in plane (e-vector) and degree of polarization, depending only on the direction of the observation point relative to the angular position of the sun. This is found to be very efficient and reliable for real time navigation. In this chapter, a polarization navigation sensor using the Stokes parameters to determine the orientation and position is presented. Section 6.1 discusses the two most common navigation algorithms prevalent in most animals: egocentric and geocentric. The working principle of the implemented algorithm is based on egocentric navigation, predominant in insects. The celestial compass based on skylight polarization is presented in section 6.2. Section 6.3 discusses the navigation compass employed by insects and in section 6.4 some of the implemented models for autonomous agent navigation based on the insect's model are presented. In section 6.5 the proposed polarization based compass is presented. The variation in the degree of polarization with changes in the polarized light can be used as a compass and conversely from the degree of polarization the incoming light ray direction can be determined. The computation of ellipticity and azimuthal angles allows for on-chip position detection based on the angle of the incoming light ray with little complexity. This can further be used as a sun position detector based on the skylight polarization. The ability to compute on-chip or in real-time the positional information would result in highly miniaturized navigational sensors.

关键词：电力系统；CMOS；传感器

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Power system simulations involving solution of thousands of stiff differential and algebraic equations (DAE) are extremely computationally intensive and yet crucial for grid security and reliability. Online simulation of minutes to hours for a large number of contingencies requires computational efficiency several orders of magnitude greater than what is todays state-of-the-art. We have developed an optimized simulator for single contingency analysis using efficient numerical algorithms implementation for solving DAE, and scaled it up for large-scale con-tingency analysis using MPI. A prototype parallel high speed extended term simu-lator (HSET) on in-house high performance computing (HPC) resources at Iowa State University (ISU) (namely Cystorm Supercomputer) is being developed. Since the simulation times across contingencies vary considerably, we have focused our efforts towards development of efficient scheduling algorithms through work stealing for maximal resource utilization and minimum overhead to perform faster than real time analysis. This chapter introduces a novel implementation of dynamic load balancing algorithm for dynamic contingency analysis. Results indicate potential for significant improvements over the state-of-the-art methods especially master-slave based load balancing typically used in power system community. Simulations of thousands of contingencies on a large real system were conducted and computational savings and scalability results are reported.

关键词：电力系统；动态

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Development and application of SmartGrids or Intelligrids, including roll-out of smart meters and electrical vehicles, is of a great importance if the UK and other countries are to achieve significant carbon emission reductions and realize sustainable energy systems. These new grids will offer the opportunity to increase the level of renewable energy integrated into the system. They will also allow customers, including small households, to actively participate and adjust their demand depending on energy availability and price. This will further lead towards improved energy efficiency, as well as offer possibilities to reduce overall consumption and reduce or postpone investments into new large generation and infrastructure facilities. To achieve these goals, a number of technical, economical and policy issues need to be addressed and resolved. The development of new generations of extremely fast software tools that can solve power system problems with large number of nodes will also be important to help resolve these issues. For example, distribution system and network operators, as well as trading entities such as aggregators, will get a better coordination of system operation though the possibility to engage with even smaller generators, and especially smaller customers. This control at lower voltage levels will allow for the aggregation of responses which will then propagate to higher voltage levels. Currently, the discussion regarding the operation of future power systems is looking into two different options. One is to develop methodologies that will allow decentralization of network operation with the reduced level of coordination at the high level of system operation. However, the new software developed to exploit the benefits of the HPC architecture may open a possibility for businesses and policy makers to investigate and compare operation of centralized vs. decentralized operation over areas with large number of participants.. These new HPC power system analysis tools will enable more frequent price signal calculations and bring the possibility to define policies which will ensure engagement with customers to reduce their energy consumption or shift it towards off-peak periods, as well as allow for the coordination of charging of electric vehicles and their use as storage devices. Such tools will be useful for both decentralized and centralized operation, however they will be crucial for the latter.

关键词：电力系统；电力网络

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Programmable graphics processing units (GPUs) currently offer the best ratio of floating point computational throughput to price for commodity processors, outdistancing same-generation CPUs by an order of magnitude, which has in turn led to their widespread adoption in a variety of computationally demanding fields. Adapting power system simulations to these processors is complicated by the unique hardware architecture of GPUs, which precludes the usage of direct linear system solvers based on Gaussian elimination. Krylov subspace methods are better suited to the GPU architecture, yet the ill-conditioned nature of power system matrices requires substantial preconditioning to ensure robustness of these methods. To reduce the time spent on preconditioning, we have developed a GPU-based preconditioner designed specifically to handle the large, sparse matrices typically encountered in power system simulations. The preconditioning technique used, based on Chebyshev polynomials, is described in detail, as are the design decisions made in adapting this algorithm to the GPU. Evaluation of the performance of the GPU-based preconditioner on a variety of sparse matrices, ranging in size from 30 x 30 to 3948 x 3948, shows significant computational savings relative to a CPU-based implementation of the same preconditioner and a typical incomplete LU (ILU) preconditioner.

关键词：电力系统；多项式

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关键词：传感器；光电；照明

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In late 2012, the Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) is opening at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The facility includes 19 laboratories with a wide range of capabilities, and will give NREL and partnering organizations the opportunity to research electricity integration projects before deploying them in the field. The ESIF also includes visualization labs to help researchers understand the data collected during project experiments.

关键词：电力系统；可视化

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As mobile devices have been rapidly spread up throughout the world, various services have been provided through mobile devices recently. Many services of them have been developed by using built-in sensors mounted on the mobile devices. Non-photorealistic rendering techniques have been also applied to mobile devices for the purpose of user friendliness or attractions. This paper proposes non-photorealistic rendering method using built-in orientation sensor of mobile devices. The method makes changes of non-photorealistic rendering effects in real time by adjustment of vector fields according as coordinate values from orientation sensor get changed on a mobile device. The proposed method renders pen sketch for a given photo image with direction and strength of line strokes which are applied by vector fields. The method executes rendering based on enhanced LIC filter to make pen sketch on a mobile device. Finally, this paper proves efficiency through the experimental results and shows usefulness of the proposed method.

关键词：传感器;定向

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