The overall objective of this project was to quantify the energy, environmental, and economic performance of industrial facilities that would coproduce electricity and transportation fuels or chemicals from a mixture of coal and biomass via co-gasification in a single pressurized, oxygen-blown, entrained-flow gasifier, with capture and storage of CO(sub 2) (CCS). The work sought to identify plant designs with promising (Nth plant) economics, superior environmental footprints, and the potential to be deployed at scale as a means for simultaneously achieving enhanced energy security and deep reductions in U.S. GHG emissions in the coming decades. Designs included systems using primarily already-commercialized component technologies, which may have the potential for near-term deployment at scale, as well as systems incorporating some advanced technologies at various stages of R&D. All of the coproduction designs have the common attribute of producing some electricity and also of capturing CO(sub 2) for storage. For each of the co-product pairs detailed process mass and energy simulations (using Aspen Plus software) were developed for a set of alternative process configurations, on the basis of which lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, Nth plant economic performance, and other characteristics were evaluated for each configuration. In developing each set of process configurations, focused attention was given to understanding the influence of biomass input fraction and electricity output fraction. Self-consistent evaluations were also carried out for gasification-based reference systems producing only electricity from coal, including integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and integrated gasification solid-oxide fuel cell (IGFC) systems. The reason biomass is considered as a co-feed with coal in cases when gasoline or olefins are co-produced with electricity is to help reduce lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for these systems. Storing biomass-derived CO(sub 2) underground represents negative CO(sub 2) emissions if the biomass is grown sustainably (i.e., if one ton of new biomass growth replaces each ton consumed), and this offsets positive CO(sub 2) emissions associated with the coal used in these systems. Different coal: biomass input ratios will produce different net lifecycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for these systems, which is the reason that attention in our analysis was given to the impact of the biomass input fraction.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；生物质能；能源系统；煤气化

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The building sector consumes a large part of the energy used in the United States and is responsible for nearly 40of greenhouse gas emissions. It is therefore economically and environmentally important to reduce the building energy consumption to realize massive energy savings. In this paper, a method to control room temperature in buildings is proposed. The approach is based on a distributed parameter model represented by a three dimensional (3D) heat equation in a room with heater/cooler located at ceiling. The latter is resolved using finite element methods, and results in a model for room temperature with thousands of states. The latter is not amenable to control design. A reduced order model of only few states is then derived using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). A Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) is computed based on the reduced model, and applied to the full order model to control room temperature.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源消耗；控制系统；温度控制

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Cellulosic and woody biomass can be directly converted to hydrocarbon gasoline and diesel blending components through the use of integrated hydropyrolysis plus hydroconversion (IH2). The IH2 gasoline and diesel blending components are fully compatible with petroleum based gasoline and diesel, contain less than 1oxygen and have less than 1 total acid number (TAN). The IH2 gasoline is high quality and very close to a drop in fuel. The DOE funding enabled rapid development of the IH2 technology from initial proof-of-principle experiments through continuous testing in a 50 kg/day pilot plant. As part of this project, engineering work on IH2 has also been completed to design a 1 ton/day demonstration unit and a commercial-scale 2000 ton/day IH2 unit. These studies show when using IH2 technology, biomass can be converted directly to transportation quality fuel blending components for the same capital cost required for pyrolysis alone, and a fraction of the cost of pyrolysis plus upgrading of pyrolysis oil. Technoeconomic work for IH2 and lifecycle analysis (LCA) work has also been completed as part of this DOE study and shows IH2 technology can convert biomass to gasoline and diesel blending components for less than $2.00/gallon with greater than 90reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. As a result of the work completed in this DOE project, a joint development agreement was reached with CRI Catalyst Company to license the IH2 technology.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；生物质能；柴油燃料；加氢转化

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The current preferred method of making unitized aluminum aircraft structure is to machine it from a solid plate of material. This approach can be very wasteful in terms of material and energy, as much of the starting material is usually removed to create the final required part geometry. Nearer-net starting product forms, such as die forgings, require special dies, which have high costs, long lead times, and limited lifetimes. The forging process generally results in significant residual stresses in forgings, which can lead to production issues related to distortion when material is removed via machining to final part geometries. What is needed are ways to make tailored, near-net shape machining blanks, without expensive dies, and low residual stresses. A major objective of this project was to identify the energy benefits of combining a variety of solid state joining techniques, which are geometry independent, in order to produce high performance aluminum structures, while enabling the achievement of manufacturing benefits of lower-cost, faster cycle-time, and highly efficient joined structural assemblies. A further objective was to produce an energy consumption prediction model, which was capable of calculating the total energy consumption, solid waste burden, acidification potential, and CO2 burden in producing a starting product form, and then calculating the further energy consumption and environmental impacts of fabricating a final part configuration from the starting configuration. Yet another objective was to be able to utilize the model to compute and compare, on an individual part/geometry basis, multiple possible manufacturing pathways, to identify the best balance of energy consumption, environmental impact, and costs. Finally, another project goal was to help enable Solid State Joining (SSJ) technologies become better characterized, better utilized, and considered as mainstream processes, especially replacing/supplanting the energy intensive arc-welding/ fusion processes of joining such as gas-tungsten arc welding.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；复合材料；能源效率；加工制造

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Cryogenics is globally linked to energy generation, storage, and usage. Thermal insulation systems research and development is an enabling part of NASA's technology goals for Space Launch and Exploration. New thermal testing methodologies and materials are being transferred to industry for a wide range of commercial applications.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；低温火箭推进剂；低温流体存储；热力学

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The goal of the study is a practical framework to help local governments within the Appalachian Region assess, plan, and finance energy efficiency infrastructure and facility improvements. Chapter 1 identifies institutions and the tools they offer for implementing energy and water efficiency. To select the ones most valuable for local governments, tools had to meet four criteria: longevity (established track record and adequate future funding); credible content evolving in response to user needs; customer assistance and partnership potential; and low- or no-cost status. Each of these criteria is explained more fully at the beginning of the chapter. Chapter 2 provides examples of eight energy conservation measures (ECMs)--with documented costs and financial returns--being implemented in or near the Appalachian Region. Cost savings for each ECM are also extrapolated to reflect potential savings across the Appalachian Region if local governments adopted, to some degree, each ECM.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；能源效率；节水；设施

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Beginning in 2008, two pairs of energy-saver houses were built at Wolf Creek in Oak Ridge, TN. These houses were designed to maximize energy efficiency using new ultra-high-efficiency components emerging from ORNLs Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) partners and others. The first two houses contain 3713 square feet of conditioned area and are designated as WC1 and WC2; the second pair consists of 2721 square feet conditioned area with crawlspace foundation and theyre called WC3 and WC4. This report documents the annual energy performance of WC3 and WC4, and how they compare against a builder standard house (BSH) of a similar footprint. WC3 and WC4 are both designed to be about 55-60more efficient than traditional new construction. Each house showcases a different envelope system: WC3 is built with advanced framing featuring cellulose insulation partially mixed with phase change materials (PCM); and WC4 has cladding composed of an exterior insulation and finish system (EIFS). The two houses are also equipped with ENERGY STAR rated appliances, or high-efficiency products for categories that are not yet ENERGY STAR certified. WC3 and WC4 are both on crawlspaces with the designs intended to provide a definitive comparison of a vented crawlspace to an insulated and sealed crawlspace in a mixed humid climate. The builder standard house is a computer model based on a builder house, one of three houses, built at the Campbell Creek subdivision in Knoxville, TN. The Campbell Creek research project supported the retrofit residential housing goals of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the U.S. Department of Energy (Christian et al., 2010). The builder house is representative of a standard, IECC 2006 code-certified, all-electric house built around 20052008. This report presents data collected from WC3 and WC4 from December 1, 2010 to November 30, 2011. The outcome of this research program will contribute to efforts by Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) to meet their strategic goals of deferring 1,400 MW of additional capacity and reducing growth in energy consumption by 4.3 million MWh per year by 2012, and in the longer term, to transform how homes are built and retrofitted.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；房屋建筑；电力评价；能源效率

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Cofiring of biomass and coal at electrical generation facilities is gaining in importance as a means of reducing fossil fuel consumption, and more than 40 facilities in the United States have conducted test burns. Given the large size of many coal plants, cofiring at even low rates has the potential to utilize relatively large volumes of biomass. This could have important forest management implications if harvest residues or salvage timber are supplied to coal plants. Other feedstocks suitable for cofiring include wood products manufacturing residues, woody municipal wastes, agricultural residues, short-rotation intensive culture forests, or hazard fuel removals. Cofiring at low rates can often be done with minimal changes to plant handling and processing equipment, requiring little capital investment. Cofiring at higher rates can involve repowering entire burners to burn biomass in place of coal, or in some cases, repowering entire powerplants. Our research evaluates the current status of biomass cofiring in North America, identifying current trends and success stories, types of biomass used, coal plant sizes, and primary cofiring regions. We also identify potential barriers to cofiring. Results are presented for more than a dozen plants that are currently cofiring or have recently announced plans to cofire.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；生物质能；煤炭；化石燃料

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The potential silica nanospring (NS) supported cobalt catalyst (Co/SiO2-NS) for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was investigated, and the results were compared with those of a conventional silica gel supported cobalt catalyst (Co/SiO2-gel). Co/SiO2-gel and Co/SiO2-NS catalysts were prepared using the incipient wetness impregnation method and a thermal assisted reduction process, respectively, and characterized by scanning electron microscopy/ energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 physisorption, X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and H2-temperature programed reduction (H2-TPR). The catalysts were evaluated for their conversion of syngas to products in a quartz fix-bed micro-reactor (230 DGC, atm pressure). The FTS products were trapped and characterized by GC-MS to determine conversion efficiency. The products (alkanes) for both catalysts ranged from C1 to C21 and would be a suitable substrate for diesel. The results show that the NS approach for a FTS catalyst support shows promise for generating fuels from syngas. Future work will focus on optimizing Co/SiO2-NS catalyst for improved conversion efficiencies.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；生物质能；纳米催化剂；生物燃料

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The Building America Partnership for Improved Residential Construction, the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), and Northwest Energy Works, the current Northwest Energy Efficient Manufactured Housing Program (NEEM) administrator, collaborated to conduct research on new specifications that would improve on the energy requirements of a NEEM home. The team also evaluated energy savings that would result from the new specifications. In its role as administrator, NEEM administers the technical specs, performs research and engineering analysis, implements ongoing construction quality management procedures, and maintains a central database with home tracking. For this project, researchers asked three questions: 1) Which measures could be built into a NEEM home to achieve a 50reduction in space conditioning, lighting, and water heating energy use, compared with usage levels resulting from the current specifications. 2) What are the challenges in building a high performance manufactured home (HPMH). 3) What are the modeled energy savings of an HPMH.

关键词：新能源与高效节能；节能建设；空调系统；照明系统

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