Background: The water deficit equation (WD1 = 0.6Bm 1 - 140/Na+) is employed in medicine and nutrition to estimate the volume (liters) of water required to correct dehydration during the initial stages of fluid replacement therapy. Several equation assumptions may limit its accuracy, but none have been systematically tested. Objectives: To quantify the potential error in WD1 for estimating free water (FW) and total body water (TBW) losses and to systematically evaluate its assumptions. Design: Thirty-six euhydrated volunteers were dehydrated (2.2 to 5.8% body mass, Bm) via thermoregulatory sweating. Assumptions within WD1 were tested by substituting measured euhydrated values for assumed or unknown values. These included the known (pre- morbid) Bm (WD2), a proposed correction for unknown Bm (WD3), the TBW estimated from body composition (WD4), the actual plasma sodium (WD5), the substitution of plasma osmolality (Posm) for sodium (WD6), and actual Posm (WD7). Results: Dehydration reduced TBW by 3.49 - 0.91 L, 57% of which (2.02 - 0.96 L) was FW loss, and increased plasma sodium from 139 (135 to 143 mmol/L) to 143 (141 to 148 mmol/L). Calculations for WD1-WD7 all underestimated TBW loss by 1.5 to 2.5 L.

关键词：脱水；方程；液体；水；医药

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Driver response to congestion and road pricing is an essential element to forecasting the future use of roadway systems and estimating the effect that pricing has on demand and route choice. Though many studies have been conducted in the past and revenue studies are routinely done for proposed toll roads, there is still a need for improving the behavioral basis for forecast. The objective of this project was to develop mathematical descriptions of the full range of highway user behavioral responses to congestion, travel time reliability, and pricing. These descriptions were achieved by mining existing data sets. The report estimates a series of nine utility equations, progressively adding variables of interest. This research explores the effect on demand and route choice of demographic characteristics, car occupancy, value of travel time, value of travel time reliability, situational variability, and an observed toll aversion bias. The primary audience for this research is professionals who develop travel demand and traffic forecasts. Policy makers may also have an interest in the behavioral findings that could have policy implications. Equations for commercial drivers were not developed since their routes are normally determined, in part, by contracts and company policies.

关键词：汽车；公路拥堵；旅游

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No abstract available.

关键词：病毒；航天飞行；对策；生物标志物；医药

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Buprenorphine is a medication used to treat opioid addiction. A properly prescribed dose of buprenorphine can help opioid-addicted individuals to stop misusing opioids without experiencing withdrawal symptoms. Although buprenorphine is itself an opioid, and can thus have the same effects as other opioids (e.g., heroin, oxycodone), its maximum effects are less than those of other opioids. Therefore, with buprenorphine there is a decreased risk of abuse, addiction, and side effects compared with other opioids. Buprenorphine was approved for use in the United States for the treatment of opioid dependence in 2002 and is primarily available in two formulations: one that contains only buprenorphine (Subutex) and one that contains buprenorphine and naloxone (Suboxone). Naloxone reverses opioid overdoses and prevents buprenorphine from being misused by injection. Most of the buprenorphine used for treatment in the United States is the buprenorphine-naloxone formulation, which can be prescribed by certified physicians. In this report, buprenorphine refers to both formulations of the drug. Availability of buprenorphine is less restricted than other treatments for opioid dependence, such as methadone, which can only be administered in specialized clinics. Although this availability can increase access to treatment, it can also increase the potential for diversion and misuse by those who are not opioid dependent. Such use can lead to buprenorphine dependence or abuse.

关键词：急诊；医疗服务；药物；阿片类治疗

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Basal-like breast cancers (BLBCs) generally become resistant to cytotoxic agents and resistance has been attributed to the presence of tumor initiating cancer stem cells (CSCs). Furthermore, LRP6/Wnt appears to play a crucial role in BLBC and CSC progression, and may represent an excellent therapeutic target. We have previously described that TRA-8, a monoclonal antibody specific to death receptor 5, kills both the CSCs and non-CSC population of BLBCs. This study examined two questions: whether niclosamide (an FDA approved antihelminthic, that inhibits Wnt/ -catenin signaling) is cytotoxic to BLBCs and its CSC population; and whether niclosamide in combination with TRA-8 produces synergistic cytotoxicity. We characterized non- adherent tumorsphere enriched (NATE) cells as a CSC enriched population from BLBC cell lines. Both Adherent and NATE cells from 2LMP, SUM159, HCC1187, HCC1143 cell lines and patient pleural effusion samples showed that niclosamide inhibited Wnt/ -catenin pathway activation, down regulated LRP6, and decreased downstream - catenin signaling. The combination of TRA-8 and niclosamide showed additive to synergistic cytotoxicity and further reduced Wnt/ -catenin activity. In vivo studies also showed that intraperitoneal administration of niclosamide in combination with TRA-8 suppressed growth of established 2LMP orthotopic tumor xenografts. Treatment with niclosamide in combination with TRA- 8 may be an effective therapy against BLBC.

关键词：乳腺癌；干细胞；将细胞（生物学）；细胞毒素

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BRCA1 is a multifunctional tumor suppressive protein. Knockout of WT BRCA1 in breast cancer cells resulted in an increase in cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, cell migration, invasion and a loss of p21/Waf1 and P27Kip1 expression. In BRCA1 knocked-down cells, the expression of survivin was significantly up regulated with a decrease in cellular sensitivity to paclitaxel. Cells that harbor endogenous mutant or defective BRCA1 (such as MDA- MB-436 and HCC1937) were highly proliferative and expressed a relatively low levels of p21/Waf1 and p27Kip1 and high level of survivin and were resistant to paclitaxel. Thus, mutated BRCA1 or loss of WT BRCA1 upregulates the malignant cell behavior. However, it is still not clear how tumor cells expressing mutant BRCA1 have enhanced tumorogenicity in vivo.

关键词：血脑屏障；乳腺癌；细胞（生物学）；医药

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关键词：汽车；情绪调节；交通安全

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Research indicates that privately insured, rural adults have lower use of office-based mental health services, but higher use of prescription medicines than their urban counterparts. Similar studies for rural children have been limited to specific populations, diagnoses, or to single states. Patterns for rural children may be different than those of urban children and adults generally because of their high enrollment in Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program, which tend to have more generous behavioral health benefits than private coverage and may equalize rural-urban treatment patterns. On the other hand, the more limited supply of specialty mental health providers in rural areas, particularly for children, could lead to lack of access and lower utilization of some types of mental health services in rural areas versus urban.

关键词：心理健康服务；儿童；心理健康护理；医药

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There are contradictory observations on radiosensitivity in cancer stem cells vs. non-stem cells. To resolve these contradictory observations, we employed breast cancer stem cell (CSC)-like MDA-MB231 and MDA-MB453 cells as well as their corresponding non-stem cells. CSC-like cells proliferate without differentiating and have characteristics of tumor-initiating cells. These cells were exposed to -rays (1.25-8.75Gy) and survival curves were determined by colony formation. A final slope, D0, of the survival curve for each cell line was determined to measure radiosensitivity. The D0 of CSC-like and non-MDA- MB453 cells were 1.16 Gy and 1.55 Gy, respectively. Similar results were observed in MDA-MB231 cells. After determination of radiosensitivity, we investigated intrinsic cellular determinants which influence radiosensitivity. We further examined whether CSC-like cells are relatively radiosensitive owing to different intrinsic factors including cell cycle distribution, free-radical scavengers and DNA repair. We observed that even though cell cycle status and antioxidant content may contribute to differential radiosensitivity, differential DNA repair capacity may be a greater determinant. Unlike non-CSC cells, CSC-like cells have little/no sublethal damage repair and a low intracellular level of ATM. These results suggest that low DNA repair capacity is responsible for the high radiosensitivity of these CSC-like cells.

关键词：乳腺癌；辐射耐受性；干细胞；抗氧化剂；医药

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Hybrids, plug-in hybrids, and battery electrics are conservatively estimated to reach a 5 percent national car park by 2030. Drastic increases in the price of gasoline resulting from oil shocks or major shifts in national energy and environmental policy, however, may push Electric Vehicles (EV) quickly beyond this small share. Should such critical changes occur, EVs will be poised to move beyond their current niche to gain wider scale acceptance and integration into transportation and energy infrastructure. EV battery technology has not improved to the degree needed to achieve the same range mobility as conventionally fueled vehicles. Electric powertrain hybridization and incorporation of regenerative systems such as braking and flywheels are steadily, but only incrementally, improving EV fuel efficiency and range performance. New Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) regulations in the next decade may drive the light-weighting or downsizing of some vehicle categories to achieve more aggressive fuel economy requirements, especially absent a breakthrough in vehicle battery technology. Light-weighting for battery electrics may be critical. Studies indicate that if primary vehicle mass is reduced between 40-59 percent, battery size and cost may be cut by nearly half without reductions in performance.

关键词：汽车；安全；智能交通

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