In a large-scale urban evacuation necessitated by a disaster, many people can evacuate in their own automobiles, but evacuating individuals and families who do not have cars poses a great logistical challenge that many cities, counties, and states cannot overcome. Most emergency operations plans for large urbanized areas are insufficient in describing in specific and measurable terms how a major evacuation could be successfully conducted. This study systematically reviews the challenge of multimodal evacuation planning and presents a detailed literature review of published research and government documents to identify barriers to the enhancement of multimodal evacuation planning through the use of high-capacity vehicles to transport those who cannot evacuate on their own. Findings suggest that despite knowledge about multimodal transportation and the importance of integrating multimodalism into evacuation planning, most state and local governments do not apply the planning processes, training exercises, and resources necessary to evacuate households without automobiles. A research agenda for furthering multimodal evacuation planning is outlined, and recommendations are made for providing adequate multimodal transport during large-scale urban evacuations.

关键词：汽车；道路交通；交通安全

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On February 18, 2014, President Obama directed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to develop a second round of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and fuel economy standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The standards, which will affect trucks beginning with the 2019 model year, are to be proposed by March 2015 and finalized a year later. The standards will be the fourth set of GHG emission standards for mobile sources.

关键词：汽车；温室气体；EPA监管

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Several types of elastomeric energy absorbers were evaluated for use in a Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) Test Level 4 (TL-4) energy-absorbing, urban roadside/median barrier. Twelve dynamic bogie tests were conducted on 60- and 80-durometer EPDM rubber cylinders. Five dynamic bogie tests were conducted on marine shear fenders. One dynamic test was conducted on a 27-ft (8.2-m) long installation of 2-in. (51-mm) thick EPDM rubber cylinders spaced at 8 ft (2.4 m) on center and attached to the front face of a 32-in. (813-mm) tall, concrete New Jersey-shaped barrier with a continuous 6-in. x 12-in. (152-mm x 305-mm) steel tubular front rail. One dynamic test was conducted on a 28-ft (8.5-m) long installation of 11.-in. (295-mm) tall marine shear fender posts spaced at 8 ft (2.4 m) on center with a 6.-in. (171-mm) tall, upper timber rail. Both barrier concepts showed promising results. Several static tests were conducted on the marine shear fenders at hot, cold, and room temperatures to evaluate its effect on energy-absorber behavior.

关键词：汽车；冲撞测试；高速公路

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The Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) is a non-profit corporation supported by the petroleum and automotive equipment industries. CRC operates through the committees made up of technical experts from industry and government who voluntarily participate. The four main areas of research within CRC are: air pollution (atmospheric and engineering studies); aviation fuels, lubricants, and equipment performance, heavy-duty vehicle fuels, lubricants, and equipment performance (e.g., diesel trucks); and light-duty vehicle fuels, lubricants, and equipment performance (e.g., passenger cars). CRC’s function is to provide the mechanism for joint research conducted by the two industries that will help in determining the optimum combination of petroleum products and automotive equipment. CRC’s work is limited to research that is mutually beneficial to the two industries involved, and all information is available to the public.

关键词：汽车；废气排放；环境污染

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The Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) is a non-profit corporation supported by the petroleum and automotive equipment industries. CRC operates through the committees made up of technical experts from industry and government who voluntarily participate. The four main areas of research within CRC are: air pollution (atmospheric and engineering studies); aviation fuels, lubricants, and equipment performance, heavy-duty vehicle fuels, lubricants, and equipment performance (e.g., diesel trucks); and light-duty vehicle fuels, lubricants, and equipment performance (e.g., passenger cars). CRC’s function is to provide the mechanism for joint research conducted by the two industries that will help in determining the optimum combination of petroleum products and automotive equipment. CRC’s work is limited to research that is mutually beneficial to the two industries involved, and all information is available to the public.

关键词：汽车；乙醇混合燃料；气体排放

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As most of the time people develop their daily activities inside buildings this energy saving cannot be obtained by putting users' welfare to risk, since their productivity is directly related to their comfort. Thus, it is necessary to look for a tradeoff between users' comfort and energy saving. In order to achieve this compromise, the construction of bioclimatic buildings which incorporate passive strategies and make use of renewable energies is one of the most applied approaches. Nevertheless, in some cases, and mainly due to the typical climate of the place where the building is located, it may be insufficient. In these cases, it is required, together with innovations in structural designs, to perform specific control actions on HVAC systems and other building's actuators, oriented to provide comfortable environments from thermal, visual and indoor air quality points of view, and with the minimum energy consumption.

关键词：节能；建筑；能源消耗；温室气体排放

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This research aims to create a generalized methodology assessing energy and cost reductions from CO2 based DCV and then apply it to a specific facility at multiple locations. This research creates a generalized methodology for future researchers to follow based on the present body of knowledge. The model application then applies this methodology to one of the Department of Energy's (DOE) commercial benchmark facility models. The selected DOE model is a small office building with single zone HVAC air systems, assessing DCV impact on energy consumption and costs for 52 United States locations. Although the model application is not life cycle cost effective for the building modeled, it successfully identifies which areas experience the greatest cost and energy savings from DCV.

关键词：节能；二氧化碳；空调设备；通风；寿命周期成本

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The mirage of modern medicine (to use Rene Dubos's image) is one facet of the dream of progress as increasing material comfort and mastery over nature, a dream that is drifting into nightmare. The expansionist mindset strives for the gradual and eventually perfect victory over disease, disability, and perhaps even over aging and death. While in this dream state, medicine remains oddly oblivious to the large-scale constraints of ecosystems.

关键词：现代医学；医药；疾病；生态系统

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DSM is a product from a combination of energy economy and power economy, and a set of theoretical frames have been formed. DSM has established a new concept that energy saved at the demand-side is taken as a kind of substitutable resource of the supplier between energy development and energy conservation as well as between modern business profit mode and environmental protection. That means DSM also a kind of resource as the fifth electric power energy [1-4] excluding hydraulic power energy, thermal power energy, nuclear power energy, and renewable energy. The core concepts in DSM theory can be classified into basic concept type, evaluation index type, and evaluation method type, referred to in Table 2.1 [1-6].

关键词：节能；DSM；能源效率；负荷管理

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关键词：节能；DSM；ESCO；节能市场

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