This report summarizes key trends in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, fuel economy, and CO2- and fuel economy-related technology for gasoline- and diesel-fueled personal vehicles sold in the United States, from model years (MY) 1975 through 2012. Personal vehicles are those vehicles that EPA classifies as cars, light-duty trucks, or medium-duty passenger vehicles. The data in this report cover the MY 1975-2012 timeframe, supersede the data in previous reports in this series, and, for many important reasons, should not be compared with data from previous years editions of this report. Most CO2 emissions and fuel economy values in this report have been adjusted to reflect 'real world' consumer performance and therefore are not comparable to CO2 emissions and fuel economy standards.

关键词：汽车；轻型汽车技术；二氧化碳

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为积极应对全球气候变化和后国际金融危机的挑战，全球范围内低碳技术、绿色经济正在兴起。世界各主要经济体纷纷将发展绿色经济、推动清洁技术革命作为抢占新一轮发展先机的新战略和快速助推区域转型升级的新引擎。

关键词：节能；环保；发展趋势；节能产业

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本监测内容采用国际上广义的环保产业定义，按照产品生命周期理论以及产品和服务的环境功能，范围覆盖自然资源开发与保护型、清洁生产型、污染源控制及污染治理型环保产业四类，并重点侧重监测环境污染治理（污水处理\固体废物处理）、环境监测仪器\技术\环保设备、生物环保、其它环保服务等内容。

关键词：环保；产业热点；产业研究；环保数据

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本监测内容采用国际上广义的环保产业定义，按照产品生命周期理论以及产品和服务的环境功能，范围覆盖自然资源开发与保护型、清洁生产型、污染源控制及污染治理型环保产业四类，并重点侧重监测环境污染治理（污水处理\固体废物处理）、环境监测仪器\技术\环保设备、生物环保、其它环保服务等内容。

关键词：环保；产业热点；产业研究；环保数据

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The Toxics Release Inventory was the first major initiative to take a disclosure-based approach to environmental regulation and has served as the model for several other disclosure-based environmental policies. Yet the magnitude of its direct impacts on industrial manufacturing outcomes has not been established. I use Census Bureau micro-data to estimate the impacts of the Toxics Release Inventory on the opening of new manufacturing plants. I find that on average, counties that were found to be among the dirtiest in the country, in terms of toxic emissions, experienced a decrease in dirty plant births and an even larger increase in clean plant births. Furthermore, the magnitude of this shift is closely related to per capita income in the affected counties-the effect is strongest in high-income communities and is reversed in low-income communities.

关键词：空气污染控制；环境影响；毒性；医药

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Focusing on the U.S. sulfur dioxide (SO2) allowance market from its inception (in 1994) to 2009, we model allowance prices to determine the influence of market fundamentals such as prices of high- and low-sulfur coalon allowance price level and volatility. Our empirical analysis finds that the SO2 market, similar to other emission markets studied in the literature, had relatively weak influence of market fundamentals for several years after launch that is, allowance prices did not reflect marginal abatement costs for the first several years of operation. However, we find evidence of increased influence of market fundamentals after the first few years of the program but before a court decision that introduced significant uncertainty into the market in mid-2008. We also find that market volatility increased in response to all types of communications from the administrator, suggesting that the development of a formal communication strategy, possibly similar to the strategy used by central banks, would reduce price volatility and increase the efficiency of the market.

关键词：配额市场；银行；通信

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During 1994, the Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) responded to eruptions, possible eruptions, or false alarms at nine volcanic centers--Mount Sanford, Iliamna, the Katmai group, Kupreanof, Mount Veniaminof, Shishaldin, Makushin, Mount Cleveland and Kanaga. Of these volcanoes, AVO has a real time, continuously recording seismic network only at Iliamna, which is located in the Cook Inlet area of south-central Alaska. AVO has dialup access to seismic data from a 5-station network in the general region of the Katmai group of volcanoes. The remaining unmonitored volcanoes are located in sparsely populated areas of the Wrangell Mountains, the Alaska Peninsula, and the Aleutian Islands (fig. 1). For these volcanoes, the AVO monitoring program relies chiefly on receipt of pilot reports, observations of local residents and analysis of satellite imagery.

关键词：阿拉斯加火山；地震；阿拉斯加火山观测站（AVO）

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关键词：汽车；轻型汽车技术；二氧化碳排放

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Hydropower is electricity that is derived from the kinetic energy of flowing water. It is an efficient source of renewable energy. In 2014, the global hydropower electricity generation was 3,982 TW. The total installed hydropower capacity is estimated to increase from 1,056 GW in 2014 to 1,446 GW by 2019.

关键词：水电；流水；动能；电力；可再生能源

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In a large-scale urban evacuation necessitated by a disaster, many people can evacuate in their own automobiles, but evacuating individuals and families who do not have cars poses a great logistical challenge that many cities, counties, and states cannot overcome. Most emergency operations plans for large urbanized areas are insufficient in describing in specific and measurable terms how a major evacuation could be successfully conducted. This study systematically reviews the challenge of multimodal evacuation planning and presents a detailed literature review of published research and government documents to identify barriers to the enhancement of multimodal evacuation planning through the use of high-capacity vehicles to transport those who cannot evacuate on their own. Findings suggest that despite knowledge about multimodal transportation and the importance of integrating multimodalism into evacuation planning, most state and local governments do not apply the planning processes, training exercises, and resources necessary to evacuate households without automobiles. A research agenda for furthering multimodal evacuation planning is outlined, and recommendations are made for providing adequate multimodal transport during large-scale urban evacuations.

关键词：汽车；道路交通；交通安全

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