To address the air pollution diffusing problem,a visualization algorithm based on fluid diffusion physical model and volume rendering is proposed to simulate the diffusion process epically for the urgent pollution accidents.The diffusion model is based on the simplified heat diffusion equation and the basic vortex constraint.The texture mapping based volume rendering method is adapted to handle the visualization algorithm.In addition,the render process adopts the GPU to implement the real-time visualization rendering.

关键词：大气；空气污染；可视化

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In accordance with the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) 'Interim Guidance Update on Mobile Source Air Toxic Analysis in NEPA Documents (September 30, 2009),' transportation projects subject to the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) must include an analysis of mobile source air toxics (MSATs). MSATs are air pollutants emitted by mobile sources that can cause serious health effects. Of a group of 93 MSAT compounds, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has identified seven compounds with significant contributions from mobile sources that are among the national and regional-scale cancer risk drivers from their 1999 National Air Toxics Assessment (NATA). These seven compounds consist of acrolein, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, diesel particulate matter plus diesel exhaust organic gases (diesel PM), formaldehyde, naphthalene, and polycyclic organic matter. FHWA classifies these seven compounds as the 'priority MSATs,' recognizing that this list is subject to change. The objectives of this project are to: (1) propose a 'screening' protocol that will facilitate the decision making process regarding which projects warrant MSAT assessment; (2) develop procedures (in consultation with regulatory agencies) for conducting qualitative and quantitative analyses of the seven priority MSATs in NYSDOT NEPA and SEQRA environmental documents; and (3) identify feasible MSAT mitigation measures for NYSDOT capital improvement projects and facilities. The work involves 10 separate tasks, including a guidance document for conducting MSAT assessments for projects that fall within NEPA/SEQRA.

关键词：大气；有毒气体；防护

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This report surveys existing law for legal issues that have arisen, or may arise in the future, on account of climate change and government responses thereto. At the threshold of many climate-change-related lawsuits are two barrierswhether the plaintiff has standing to sue and whether the claim being made presents a political question. Both barriers have forced courts to apply amorphous standards in a new and complex context.

关键词：大气；法律转变；气候变化

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On February 18, 2014, President Obama directed the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) to develop a second round of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission and fuel economy standards for medium- and heavy-duty trucks. The standards, which will affect trucks beginning with the 2019 model year, are to be proposed by March 2015 and finalized a year later. The standards will be the fourth set of GHG emission standards for mobile sources.

关键词：汽车；清洁空气法案（CAA）；气候；环境保护署

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According to the NRC and the USGCRP, changes in the earth's climate--including higher temperatures, changes in precipitation, rising sea levels, and increases in the severity and frequency of severe weather events--are under way and expected to grow more severe over time. These impacts present significant risks to the nation's energy infrastructure. Economic losses arising from weather-related events--including floods, droughts, and storms--have been large and are increasing, according to USGCRP. Adaptation--an adjustment to natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climate change--is a risk-management strategy to help protect vulnerable sectors and communities that might be affected by climate change. GAO was asked to examine the vulnerability of the nation's energy infrastructure to climate change impacts. This report examines: (1) what is known about potential impacts of climate change on U.S. energy infrastructure; (2) measures that can reduce climate-related risks and adapt energy infrastructure to climate change; and (3) the role of the federal government in adapting energy infrastructure and adaptation steps selected federal entities have taken. GAO reviewed climate change assessments; analyzed relevant studies and agency documents; and interviewed federal agency officials and industry stakeholders, including energy companies at four sites that have implemented adaptive measures.

关键词：气候变化；适应；干旱；能源；控制器

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关键词：水处理市场；互联网+；智能净水行业

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The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed a year 2007 air quality modeling platform in support of the Tier 3 Motor Vehicle Emission and Fuel Standards. The air quality modeling platform consists of all of the emissions inventories, ancillary files needed for emissions modeling, and the meteorological, initial condition, and boundary condition files needed to run the air quality model. This platform uses all Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) and a select set of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). This document focuses on the emissions modeling components of the 2007 platform, including the emission inventories and the ancillary data and the approaches used to transform emission inventories for use in air quality modeling.

关键词：空气污染控制；空气质量；废气排放

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This project was motivated by the continuing need to improve ambient air quality. As of December 2012, more than 74 million Americans live in areas that violate the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for fine particulate matter (or PM2.5). Organic aerosol often contributes between 30 and 60% of ambient fine particulate matter. However, the sources of ambient organic aerosols are not well understood and state-of-the-art chemical transport models often underpredict the measured organic aerosol concentrations by a factor of 2 or more. Better understanding of the sources of organic aerosols may be needed for the development of effective control strategies. This report describes results from a three-phase test program that characterized the emissions from on-road gasoline vehicles, on-road diesel vehicles, and small off-road engines. The overarching goal of the project was to investigate the atmospheric transformations of mobile source emissions to better quantify their contribution to ambient PM levels in other words to link tailpipe to ambient. This was done by characterizing the tailpipe emissions from in-use sources and by investigating the atmospheric evolution of the emissions using dilution tunnels and smog chambers.

关键词：气溶胶；空气质量；柴油燃料；排放控制

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It is well established that GHG emissions must be reduced by 50% to 80% by 2050 in order to limit global temperature increase to 2DGC. Achieving reductions of this magnitude in the transportation sector is a challenge and requires a multitude of policies and technology options. The research presented here analyzes three scenarios: changes in the perceived price of travel, land-use intensification, and increases in transit. Elasticity estimates are derived using an activity-based travel model for the state of California and broadly representative of the U.S. The VISION model is used to forecast changes in technology and fuel options that are currently forecast to occur in the U.S., providing a life cycle GHG forecast for the road transportation sector. Results suggest that aggressive policy action is needed, especially pricing policies, but also more on the technology side. Medium- and heavy-duty vehicles are in particular need of additional fuel or technology-based GHG reductions.

关键词：空气污染控制；航空；排放；能源需求

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Humans have intuitively understood the value of trees to their physical and mental health since the beginning of recorded time. A scientist with the Pacific Northwest Research Station wondered if such a link could be scientifically validated. His research team took advantage of an infestation of emerald ash borer, an invasive pest that kills ash trees, to conduct a study that gets closer to a definitive connection between the loss of trees and increased human mortality. Researchers analyzed data on demographics, tree loss from the emerald ash borer, and human mortality from lower respiratory disease and cardiovascular disease for 1990 through 2007. Results showed that the spread of the emerald ash borer across 15 states - first recorded in 2002 - was associated with an additional 15,000 deaths from cardiovascular disease and an additional 6,000 deaths from lower respiratory disease. Human mortality increased the longer emerald ash borer was present and killing trees. Deaths occurred at higher rates in wealthier counties, where more trees are typically found in urban areas. Although the study doesnt establish causation, it does suggest a link between trees and human health. This information can be applied to a range of fields including public health, urban forestry, and urban planning.

关键词：心脑血管疾病；死亡；人口

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