Delivering electrical power to remote military bases can be an expensive and dangerous task. The idea of delivering renewable power to remote military bases through space-based solar power has existed for many years, but has not yet materialized. This research sought to examine existing studies and leverage their findings to determine a systems architecture and subsequent design alternatives that could deliver space-based solar power to a military base in Afghanistan. Three design alternatives were created and were based on the defined systems architecture. The system attributes vary by design alternative, to include transmitter size, rectenna size, power transmitted, mass of components, and number of launches required. The design attributes were weighted accordingly to stakeholder objectives. In turn, the entire design alternative was given a Measure of Effectiveness score. This score was used to determine the most effective design alternative among the designs presented in this research. The result is one of the three designs conclusively meets stakeholder requirements and is more effective than the others, yet further research should be done to improve the design and address other concerns, such as the extremely high cost of the system and the potential environmental and safety issues of the high-power microwave beam.

关键词：太阳能；发电卫星；偏远基地；空间探索

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The Monthly Energy Review (MER) is the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s (EIA) primary report of recent and historical energy statistics. Included are statistics on total energy production,consumption, trade, and energy prices; overviews of petroleum, natural gas, coal, electricity,nuclear energy, renewable energy, and international petroleum; carbon dioxide emissions; and data unit conversions. 

关键词：能源；煤炭；电力；核能；石油

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We investigated the activity and stability of n=(1, 2, 3) platinum layers supported on a number of rutile metal oxides (MO2; M=Ti, Sn, Ta, Nb, Hf and Zr). A suitable oxide support can alleviate the problem of carbon corrosion and platinum dissolution in Pt/C catalysts. Moreover, it can increase the activity of platinum if the interaction between the support and the metal is optimal. We found that both the activity and the stability depend on the number of platinum layers and, as expected, both converge toward platinum bulk values if the number of layers is increased. With use of a simple volcano curve for activity estimation, we found that the supported platinum layers could be active for the oxygen reduction reaction, with a few candidates possibly having an activity even greater than that of platinum. Furthermore, we established a correlation between stability and activity for supported platinum monolayers, which suggests that activity can be increased at the expense of stability and vice versa. Finally, the performance of the systems was evaluated against Pt(111) skins on Pt3X (X=Ni, Co, Fe, Ti, Sc and Y) alloys, which are the best catalysts known to date for the reaction.

关键词：燃料电池；金属氧化物；铂覆盖层；质子交换膜；阴极

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Most mayors expect their cities deployments of new energy technologies to increase over the next five years, despite todays economic climate. Three in four cities (75) say their use of new energy technologies is likely to grow, with more than one-quarter (27) of the 396 cities in this survey expecting the increase to be significant. Cities in the Northeast and South anticipate faster growth, but there is little difference across cities small and large cities alike expect to be deploying more clean technology in five years than they do currently. Only three percent of cities expect their use of new energy technologies to decrease during this period.

关键词：新能源；美国；市长会议；城市；清洁能源

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Anion exchange membranes (AEMs) are being developed for potential use in fuel cell systems which include portable power applications. In a fuel cell, these membranes transport hydroxide ions from the cathode to the anode. If carbon dioxide is present, carbonate and bicarbonate ions can form, displacing the hydroxide ions. Among the challenges this presents, the carbonate and bicarbonate are less mobile than the hydroxide and therefore the ionic conductivity of the membrane suffers. A procedure is outlined to take data from a permeation based water flux experiment and determine diffusion coefficients and the ionic conductivity of the membrane. The water-membrane diffusion coefficients can be measured from a water flux experiment. Using principles from kinetic theory, the water-membrane diffusion coefficient can be converted to an apropriate ion-membrane diffusion coefficient. Finally, an equation derived from the dusty fluid model can be used to calculate the ionic conductivity of the membrane in different counter ion forms. The calculated ionic conductivities have been shown to agree well with reported values for proton and anion exchange membranes.

关键词：燃料电池；碱性；离子交换膜；碳酸盐离子；碳酸氢盐离子

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This guide helps users get started with the U.S. Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory Fuel Cell Power (FCPower) Model Version 2, which is a Microsoft Excel workbook that analyzes the technical and economic aspects of high-temperature fuel cell-based distributed energy systems with the aim of providing consistent, transparent, comparable results. This type of energy system would provide onsite-generated heat and electricity to large end users such as hospitals and office complexes. The hydrogen produced could be used for fueling vehicles or stored for later conversion to electricity.

关键词：燃料电池；系统设计；建模；分布式能源系统

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Ennoblement, a positive shift in corrosion potential, due to biofilm formation is the basis of patents for biofilm monitoring and power generating devices. Ennoblement is a global phenomenon that is routinely cited as a mechanism for microbiologically influenced corrosion of some passive alloys. Increased corrosion is attributed to acceleration of the oxygen reduction reaction via several potential mechanisms that have been debated for decades. Because the phenomenon is predictable and reproducible at specific locations, ennoblement is the basis for patented methods and devices for monitoring biofilm formation and relating ennobled potentials to increased likelihood of corrosion and for evaluating cleaning and biocide treatments. Furthermore, when anodes and cathodes can be separated, as in a microbial fuel cell, biofilm formation on the cathode increases the potential difference between the two and the resulting power output. Most patented fuel cells using metal cathodes do not refer specifically to ennoblement in the disclosures.

关键词：燃料电池；生物膜强化；潜在；腐蚀；电能源指标

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The development of a room temperature (<50 C) fuel cell that would use a generally available fuel such as JP8 would be most valuable. However there are no known catalysts that can selectively activate the CC bonds of such fuels at such temperature. The goal of this project was to investigate whether it is plausible to develop such catalysts. To do this we used validated first-principles (quantum mechanics) based simulations to investigate the barriers for alkyl carbon-carbon cleavage for two prototypical systems: A metal alloy catalyst and an organometallic cluster catalyst. That might serve as an anode for electrochemical power generation. For the metal alloy catalyst we used a top-down approach where we determined the bond energies to the alloy catalyst to various fuel fragments necessary to achieve room temperature decomposition of butane and oxidation to CO2. For organometallic cluster catalyst we used a bottom-up strategy, determining specific metals, ligand compositions, solvents and operating conditions to evaluate which conditions could lead to reasonable rates at room temperature.

关键词：燃料电池；低温催化；便携式电源；C-C键

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This research project sought to develop a prototype hydrogen-based fuel cell system for ITS devices. The project investigated hydrogen storage capacities of the various candidate chemical hydride analogs; selected the most efficient of the candidates for energy storage based on volume, mass, and cost; developed a prototype system; and estimated the capital and operating cost for such a system. A hydrogen fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity, providing a clean, high-efficiency energy source that circumvents the problems associated with conventional batteries. A major drawback that limits its utility, however, is the use of heavy and bulky compressed metal cylinders as the source of hydrogen. The chemical-based hydrogen generation used in this project can provide a compact, atmospheric-pressure storage option for the controlled release of hydrogen. Many ITS-based applications can be envisaged with hydrogen-based fuel cells, such as alternating-traffic signs, directional signals, speed-limit signs, blinkers in series, warning blinkers, and backup power sources at traffic signals during power outages. This system is particularly attractive because many remote traffic signals on northern Minnesota roads lack access to a power grid, requiring the use of batteries that must be changed often, thus incurring maintenance costs.

关键词：燃料电池；氢的生成与存储；原型系统

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As a first step towards a microscopic understanding of single-Pt atom-dispersed catalysts on non-conventional TiN supports, we present density- functional theory (DFT) calculations to investigate the adsorption properties of Pt atoms on the pristine TiN(100) surface, as well as the dominant influence of surface defects on the thermodynamic stability of platinized TiN. Optimized atomic geometries, energetics, and analysis of the electronic structure of the Pt/TiN system are reported for various surface coverages of Pt. We find that atomic Pt does not bind preferably to the clean TiN surface, but under typical PEM fuel cell operating conditions, i.e. strongly oxidizing conditions, TiN surface vacancies play a crucial role in anchoring the Pt atom for its catalytic function. Whilst considering the energetic stability of the Pt/TiN structures under varying N conditions, embedding Pt at the surface N-vacancy site is found to be the most favorable under N-lean conditions. Thus, the system of embedding Pt at the surface N-vacancy site on TiN(100) surface could be a promising catalyst for PEM fuel cells.

关键词：燃料电池；非常规；铂催化剂

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